Total Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Determination in

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

to 103.3% for heating block, 81.0 to 115.0% for hot plate, and 92.8 to 108.2% for microwave. Validation parameters showed that the
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereals Table 1: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
provides 20.0% of energy and 15.0% of the daily requirement Plasma gas flow rate, L min−1 18
operating conditions are shown in Table 1.
Suprapur HNO3 (65.0%) and H2 O2 (30.0%) used in the analysis (4), being considered an important source of error
cadmium, and lead standards with 5.0% (v/v) HNO3 . Analyt- (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and then grinded in an IKA
ical curve concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 40, 1.2 to 24, and analytical mill (Staufen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany),
5 𝜇g L−1 of each element in 0.2% (v/v) HNO3 solution was sample preparation procedures, the samples were spiked
fortified in order to get final concentrations ranging from 8.0 performed by considering the limit of detection (LOD), limit
to 30.0 𝜇g L−1 (within the calibration curves concentration of quantification (LOQ), linearity, precision (repeatability),
range) for all the analyzed elements in the final sample and relative bias. For all of the calculations, Eurachem (12)
porcelain capsule, 2.0 g of the sample was weighted and 2 mL <LOQ in the final sample solution. The final values of both
of 60.0% Mg(NO3 )2 was added. The samples were initially parameters were calculated taking into account the samples
at 5% (v/v) HNO3 . difference between obtained and certified values, while the
2.3.3. Acid Digestion Using Metallic Block. For the metallic (RSD%).
Table 2: Recovery of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead from rice Table 3: LOD, LOQ, working range, and correlation coefficient of
also used in the present study. This result can be explained the analytes, as shown in Table 3, and the regression analyses
by the fact that only 2% of the total chlorine contents in rice showed that the linear correlation between concentration and
Table 2 shows the analytes recovery in the spiked samples Relative bias (Table 4) was assessed through the difference
Recoveries varied from 81.0 to 115.0%, indicating that than ±20.0% of the target value (19). For all elements, the
range between 80.0 and 120.0%. This finding highlights the acid digestion was appropriate for determining the total
for microwave oven; and these results are comparable to those According to Table 5, of 37 analyzed samples, 35 showed
radiation was carried out, reaching recoveries of 97.0, 106.0, was lower than LOQ. The average total arsenic concentration
and 103.0% for total arsenic, cadmium, and lead, respectively. in parboiled rice was lower than that found in other rice types
determination in rice is summarized in Tables 3 and 4. level established for total arsenic in raw rice.
Table 4: Certified value, obtained value, relative bias (%), and repeatability (RSD%) obtained for IRMM 804 acid digested in microwave
Calculated as the mean of seven independent replicates of the IRMM 804.
the rice polishing (21, 50–52). Besides, variation in the arsenic above LOQ, with mean values of 0.101 mg kg−1 for polished
Table 6. Usually, the data from several studies presented the
reported for rice analyzed in other countries (Table 7). The
ple had cadmium concentration above the LOQ (0.042 ± by microwave radiation) led to good results (recoveries
0.008 mg kg−1 ). In the other rice samples, cadmium con- ranging from 80.0 to 120.0%). This information is important
centration was below the LOD in 17 samples, while in 19 for laboratories that execute rice analyses, as the sample
by Brazilian investigators, as outlined in Table 6. In all of the Community, except for total arsenic in one sample. The other
(Table 7). However, higher cadmium concentrations in rice brown rice can represent risk to Brazilian population. There-
ples lead concentration was below the LOD, and 11 polished based on this cereal, as is the case of the Brazilian population.
Table 5: Concentrations of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the Table 6: Total arsenic, cadmium, and lead concentrations in
Polished 0.166 ± 0.008 <0.012a <0.030a Table 7: Concentrations of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead in rice
(7) Bazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and Food 8100bb8040eac2e8b590b79cca79f4 cf/RDC+n%C2%BA+42

Methods (brief)

Brazilian Rice Samples Using ICP-MS
This study is aimed at investigating a suitable method for rice sample preparation as well as validating and applying the method for
monitoring the concentration of total arsenic, cadmium, and lead in rice by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICP-MS). Various rice sample preparation procedures were evaluated. The analytical method was validated by measuring several
parameters including limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, relative bias, and repeatability. Regarding
the sample preparation, recoveries of spiked samples were within the acceptable range from 89.3 to 98.2% for muffle furnace, 94.2
applied for analyzing 37 rice samples (including polished, brown, and parboiled), consumed by the Brazilian population. The total
sample. This study indicated the need to establish monitoring programs for emphasizing the study on this type of cereal, aiming at
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereals Table 1: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
to the plant (8). Only fish and seafood may carry higher in the internal standards with the samples after the peristaltic
ducted using an ICP-MS (Elan DRC II, PerkinElmer) instru-
a suitable method for rice sample preparation, as well as to
2.0 mm ID quartz injector and Pt sampler (1.10 mm orifice
Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The proposed method
used. Standard, blank, and sample solutions were delivered
using a S10 (PerkinElmer) autosampler. Relevant ICP-MS
nium (Ge), indium (In), and rhenium (Re) at 1000 𝜇g mL−1 2.3. Samples and Procedures
were acquired from Inorganic Ventures (Christiansburg, VA, 2.3.1. Rice Sample Preparation Procedures. Sample prepara-

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised