Overview
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Key numbers
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- means of odds ratios (OR) using 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was an association between BLL Z75th percentile (1.78 mg/dL)
- and water lead when the mean water concentration was 43.3 mg/L: adjusted OR ¼ 4.7 (95% CI: 2.1–10.2). Windowsill dust loading
- 414.1 mg/ft2 was also associated with BLL Z1.78 mg/dL: adjusted OR ¼ 3.2 (95% CI: 1.3–7.8). Despite relatively low BLLs, tap water
- (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2). Elemental Controls, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). Sampling procedure,
- 30 mg/dL). Duplicates performed every 10 analyses had a mean correlation
- A total of 5 one-liter samples of cold kitchen tap water were collected in geometric mean (GM) since the distribution of measurements is close to
- method was 0.01 mg/L and the quantification limit was 0.015 mg/L. Quality categories). First, the GM of BLLs was calculated for each exposure
- coefficient for duplicates was 0.999. Results obtained for fortified blanks logarithm was used to compare the means; for variables with three
- difference between means, when a statistical difference was observed, was requirements21 of 40 mg/ft2 for floor dust and 250 mg/ft2 for
- were performed to determine variables with a significant relationship with from each residence for 157 participants. The median concentration
- elevated BLLs (Z1.78 mg/dL). of lead in paint chips was 1,300 mg/kg. Forty-two residences (27%)
- Exposure variables, adjustment variables with P-value r0.15 in one of had lead concentrations higher than the 5,000 mg/kg US HUD
- in the full multivariate logistic regression model after testing for multicolli- guideline for paint chips (data not shown). Also, 31% of the
- Factor 42.5)19 (See Supplementary Material, Table S3). The adjustment measurements exceeding the 1 mg/cm2 US HUD guideline. Of these
- variables were then withdrawn from the full model if their withdrawal did houses, 3% had more than 4 different painted structures exceeding
- not change the OR of the exposure variables by more than 10%. the 1 mg/cm2 criteria. There was a weak, but significant (Po0.05)
- exposure variables were then tested, as well as the interaction between the dust and paint (r ¼ 0.214), as shown in Supplementary Material, Table
- consumption per kg of body weight (food and beverage consumption as (Table 3) and ranged from 0.37 mg/dL to 19.06 mg/dL. Only one
- 73% having at least one parent with a university degree. Only 5% Owner 183 (60)
- children were healthy, except a few (6%) who had moderate University 221 (73)
- was used by 75% of participants. Finally, only a few parents were French 267 (87)
- was then determined to be 1.60 mg/L. The GM for each of the a
- stagnation (30 M) samples was calculated and the highest mean Latin-American or Caribbean descent. bSevere risk behaviors are defined as
- after 30 min of stagnation (1.91 mg/L). Concentrations of total lead Moderate risk behaviors include the habit of placing different objects
- exceeded 10 mg/L in only 5 residences after 5 min of flushing and in the mouth, such as fingers, toys, sand or grass. cData missing for
- had higher BLLs (1.53 mg/dL) compared to Caucasians (1.27 mg/dL), still have a detectable impact on the BLLs of young children.
- Association of BLLs with Lead Indoor Contamination 2007-2008 NHANES database with mean lead loads in floor and
- were found to be associated with BLLs Z75th percentile (Table 4). study reporting that 3 out of 222 houses located in Ontario had
- statistically significant: Adjusted þ OR for water ¼ 4.7, 95%CI: 2.1– in 1920–1949) in our study. In particular, about 27% of our par-
- 10.2, and of windowsill dust (adjusted þ OR: 3.2, 95%CI: 1.3–7.8). A ticipants were exposed to paint chips containing Z5,000 mg/kg
- sensitivity analysis revealed that the relationship between water lead and 31% were living in houses with painted structures
- after 30 min stagnation (OR ¼ 4.5; 95%CI: 2.0–10.0) or the mean of by Lanphear et al.27 Lead paint contamination is a common source
- 7.9) (See Supplementary Material, Supplementary Table S5). This by a weak correlation between lead in paint and house dust (See
- relationship was similar after stratifying the participants by season Supplementary Material, Supplementary Table S4).
- Supplementary Table S6). However, no significant statistical
- Table 3. Distribution (percentiles and mean) of blood lead (mg/dL) according to the sociodemographic characteristics of children and the season of
- Table 4. Crude and adjusted odds ratios of blood lead levels according to the lead concentration in the lead exposure sources (water, lead or paint).
- lead was clearly demonstrated in this study for children living in interval; GM, Geometric mean; OR, Odds ratio; 5M1L, First liter after
- lead load Z5,000 mg/kg) on elevated BLLs was also demonstrated from an advisory committee composed of: Marc Edwards, Professor at Virginia Tech
- water and elevated BLLs measured by the OR was quite stable in 8 Jacobs DE, Clickner RP, Zhou JY, Viet SM, Marker DA, Rogers JW et al. The pre-
- known contributors to lead poisoning in the past and their effect 14 Beausoleil M, Brodeur J. Le plomb dans l’eau potable sur l’ı̂le de Montréal.
- shohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2003. Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables. 2011. Available
Methods (brief)
- water, floor dust, windowsill dust and house paint and a venous blood sample was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was
- General Methodology Floor dust was sampled from a selected sampling zone in the center of the
- boroughs of Montréal, selected for the possible presence of lead pipes and used by the child. A one square foot on smooth surface was sampled with
- de Québec and Health Canada approved the protocol developed for this child’s room was collected with a separate wet wipe and sampling surfaces
- buildings with more than 3 dwellings, an information letter and a consent room temperature for 5 h. The digestion tube was then placed in a bath at
- participate in the study. Families meeting the following criteria were was done by ICP-MS (Elan-6000, Perkin Elmer, Massachusetts, USA).
- regularly, was born in Canada, and was living in that dwelling for at least was 0.01 mg and the quantification limit 0.015 mg per sample.
- home. Following the completion of the consent form by one of the there were different paints in one room, more than one wall was sampled.
- consumption and pica behavior) and drew a venous blood sample from The calibration of the XRF analyzer was verified 3 times before each
- Blood Sample they were collected for laboratory analysis. Approximately 200 mg of paint
- Venous blood was sampled in a 6 mL Becton-Dickinson tube (BD-367863) chips were necessary for lead analysis. Samples were digested at room
- kept at 4 1C until laboratory analysis. Whole blood samples were analyzed concentrated nitric acid. Afterwards, samples were covered and placed in
- for lead content by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectometry (ICP-MS), an oven at 110 1C for 18 hours. Analyses were performed using ICP-MS
- A total of 5 one-liter samples of cold kitchen tap water were collected in geometric mean (GM) since the distribution of measurements is close to
- pre-acidified containers. The first liter was sampled following a 5 min flush lognormal. When treated in categories, an elevated BLL was defined as a
- consecutive liters (30M1L, 30M2L, 30M3L, 30M4L) were sampled. 306 participating children (Z1.78 mg/dL). Environmental exposure vari-
- all sampling. chips collected. Participants with missing values for windowsill dust were
- Samples were held at approximately 4 1C until analysis. Water lead excluded from the analysis concerning only windowsill dust. Otherwise,
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