ship between energy inputs and yields is not linear. Low-energy inputs can lead to lower yields and

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Porter Alliance, Centre for Environmental Policy, and 2Porter Alliance, Department of Biology,
• Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
• Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
• contributed to the major increases in food production seen since the 1960s. However, the relation-
• of natural gas and some coal, and can account for more than 50 per cent of total energy use in
• commercial agriculture. Oil accounts for between 30 and 75 per cent of energy inputs of UK
• 1. INTRODUCTION associated with reducing GHG emissions and finally
• lation. These challenges are and will increasingly be 2. ENERGY USE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
• influenced by the availability and price of oil, natural The 3rd Assessment report of the Intergovernmental
• gas and coal, as well as by policies set to meet Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2001) estimated
• requirements. This paper aims to investigate the cent (9 EJ) of global energy consumption, but more
• impact of energy inputs on agricultural systems to than 20 per cent of global GHG emissions. Figure 1
• fall of the iron curtain in 1989.
• 2991 This journal is # 2010 The Royal Society
• 2992 J. Woods et al. Review. Energy and the food system
• Figure 1. Primary energy use in agriculture, 1970–1995. Source: IPCC (2001). Light blue line, total fertilizers per ha crop-
• However, LUC has major implications for GHG emis- 550
• is cleared or where previously arable land is allowed to 500
• grow at the annual rate outlined by the IPCC for 350
• 1995 (IPCC 2001), total energy inputs into agricul-
• ture would have exceeded 10 EJ in 2005, equivalent 300
• to a share of about 2 per cent of global primary
• energy supply market. On the other hand, as yields 150
• infrastructure necessary to support agriculture and Figure 2. Global trends in the intensification of crop pro-
• food supplies is likely to continue to grow as develop- duction (index 1961–2002/2005). Source: updated from
• ing agricultural producers invest in the infrastructure Hazel & Woods (2008) based on FAOSTAT 2010. Dark
• figure 2 (IPCC 2001). sky blue line, Africa; yellow line, Latin America; cyan line,
• crop,’ as highlighted by Samson et al. (2005), in carriers, energy intensities and resulting GHG emissions
• figure 3. Future technologies that will allow both the for different crops is considered a conservative
• Review. Energy and the food system J. Woods et al. 2993
• Figure 3. Solar energy collection in harvested component of crops and fossil fuel energy requirements of Canadian (Ontario)
• crop production, in Giga-Joules (GJ) per hectare. Source: Samson et al. (2005). Grey bars, energy content of crop per hectare
• outputs (Williams et al. 2006, 2009; Audsley et al.
• 2010). The work was parameterized for England and (i) Arable crops
• UK. The original study included three field crops (table 1) range from 1 to 6 GJ t21. However, each agri-
• (2009), the endpoint was the regional distribution farming, but fossil energy input reduction has to be
• authors as reported by Pretty et al. (2005), who often higher for organic systems (Zeisemer 2007).
• in energy efficiency and waste reduction beyond the Bailey et al. (2003), suggesting that IAFS has lower
• represent the totality of energy used per commodity. eals in general (figure 4). UK wheat also has a similar
• allocate burdens when crops are multi-functional. shown in table 1. In non-organic bread wheat pro-
• meal is also produced as the result of oil extraction, and about 90 per cent of that energy is in N, typically
• 2994 J. Woods et al. Review. Energy and the food system

Methods (brief)

• 2006: sample of 44 mills (100 Mt cane per season), all in the ment of cultivating and harvesting, as well as
• soils encourages microbial digestion of soil organic important carbon sink during the twentieth century
• cial outcomes, adopting practices at a cost to farming — Provide support for anaerobic digestion, a technol-
• digestion of farmyard waste, and does not expand on efficiency and reduce GHG emissions across supply
• 2009/nov/16/oil-running-out-madman-sandwich-board). cycle assessment of food commodities procured for UK

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Mercury
• Lead
• Aluminum

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.