Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- the homes of 765 (98%) of the randomized children (both active and placebo drug treatment Trial environmental intervention was
- homes before and after cleaning. Geometric mean dust lead loadings before cleaning were 43, 29, during treatment to substantially reduce the
- average 32% for paired floor samples (p < 0.0001), 66% for windowsills (p < 0.0001), and 93% All children were assumed to have been
- lead levels above the recommended clearance levels, with average reductions of 44%, 74%, and trial did not attempt to undertake compre-
- centers located in Baltimore, Maryland; sonnel to visit (n = 9); the child spent signifi- control procedures ensured that any removed
- Jersey; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A two or more residences or day care (n = 2); or dled appropriately onsite and during trans-
- ment of the TLC trial has been published total home environment (n = 2). Families of All horizontal surfaces (e.g., floors, win-
- out of range (n = 651), other medical condi- agement of children with lead toxicity (27). the cleaning solution bucket, wrung lightly to
- tions (n = 27), and withdrawal (n = 57). For children meeting eligibility criteria, a remove excess, and applied to surfaces. Before
- screening visit, all eligible children (n = 1,119) cleaning to reduce lead dust and paint chips the mop was rinsed in the clean rinse water
- their primary and secondary residences (n = or, in a small number of cases (n = 37), (or other surface), separating dirt from the
- residential dwelling unit and common areas The homes of 765 (98%) of the 780 random- implementation of our cleaning intervention,
- children (n = 56) were excluded if the child’s prevent recontamination. The child’s family loose paint. Particular attention was given to
- to one or two areas (e.g., windowsills or absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer 3100; transformation. The exponential of the mean
- (e.g., application of duct tape, contact paper, fied-NIOSH 7082 method (31). Blinded formed data (geometric mean and geometric
- manager. The Baltimore clinical center had blanks (n = 243) were analyzed for quality and reported as percent reduction (i.e., 100
- access to state loan funds for some landlords to control/quality assurance purposes. Median times (1 minus the exponential of the post-
- Parents were instructed to limit children’s 85% (range, 79–88%). Median field blank formed lead loading)). Ninety-five percent
- access to these stabilized areas, to reinspect the contained 0.0 µg lead (mean, –1.4 µg), with confidence intervals (CI) were calculated
- Dust sampling methods. Pre- and postin- Table 1. Baseline housing characteristics.a
- (mean, 13 days). The postintervention sam- Problems with home (%)
- foot2 sampling template was laid out on the Overall maintenance (%)
- playroom floor sample was similarly wiped aAs reported by TLC inspector for homes of all randomized children (n = 780), homes with dustwipe pairs by center (n =
- and measured. In Baltimore, window wells 213), and homes with dustwipe pairs combined (n = 213).
- window conditions were characterized as but 94% were assessed as cleanable. µg/ft2, respectively) ranged over two orders of
- fiber covering), linoleum (linoleum, tile, or type, age, poor overall maintenance (72% fair lead dust loading was 43 µg/ft2. After the envi-
- brick), and wood (finished, painted, or bare). (69% moderate or high). A lower fraction of kitchen floor lead dust loading was reduced to
- Window materials were categorized into these homes (82%) were assessed as cleanable. 26 µg/ft2. Thus, the postcleaning dustwipe
- wood, metal or vinyl, and other. A total of 213 homes of randomized children lead loading was reduced on average by 40%
- We assessed whether the 146 homes that had paired dustwipe measurements before compared to the precleaning value (95% CI,
- would have triggered an intervention based and after environmental cleanup. These 24–52%; p < 0.00001). Postcleaning lead dust
- vention. Homes above the U.S. EPA standard Cost of intervention. While each center reduced by one-half or more in 40% of the
- or a window trough (well) measurement of child was designed to meet minimum com- 40 µg/ft2, and 39% were still above the stan-
- randomized children (n = 780) were generally ber of homes cleaned. The average estimated ings had a lower geometric mean (29 µg/ft2)
- in below average condition with fair (48%) cost of each cleanup was $340 per home in than the kitchen floor samples (Table 2), but
- to poor (23%) maintenance (Table 1). Cincinnati, 291 in slightly larger variance (geometric standard
- in 83% of these homes. Approximately one materials, or total costs of the professional floor lead dust loadings were reduced by an
- quarter of the homes of randomized children cleaning were not recorded for individual average 24% (95% CI 6–39%) compared to
- plumbing (23%) or roof (24%) leaks which Floor dust lead loadings. A total of 189 percent of the precleaning and 38% of the
- one percent (71%) were assessed as having cleanup (Table 2). The 10th to 90th percentiles The kitchen and playroom floor samples
- Table 2. Floor dustwipe measurements before and after cleaning intervention stratified by condition condition and center, could be considered.
- (Table 2) were measured on carpeted floors
Methods (brief)
- groups) were professionally cleaned. Lead dust measurements were made in a sample of 213 designed to use interim control measures
- window well samples respectively. Following cleaning, floor dust lead loadings were reduced on from deteriorated household paint and dust.
- average 32% for paired floor samples (p < 0.0001), 66% for windowsills (p < 0.0001), and 93% All children were assumed to have been
- not reduce the lead loadings of all dust samples to levels below current federal standards for lead activities required by local health depart-
- Lead in paint and house dust are by far the atric plumbism, even for children receiving ments made in a sample of homes in each
- Among children undergoing pharmaco- (12–14), but these benefits may be short- address: Landmark Building, 401 Park Drive, Suite
- hazards by trained TLC personnel. Typically, Precleaning dustwipe samples were collected was changed after cleaning approximately
- residential units were two- to three-story, sin- in a sample of homes. The primary residence every 75 to 100 ft2 of floor and after each
- Each family was given educational infor- were sampled using similar methods. Areas of lead measurements at the laboratory analytic
- mation and materials about lead poisoning the windowsill and window well samples were limit of detection has the unintended result of
- and prevention of further lead exposure. individually measured for each sample. The producing biased sample means and popula-
- Entryway mats were provided to reduce track- collected dust samples, including any paint tion statistics. Although various statistical cor-
- during clinic visits. Families were given clean- ene centrifuge tube (50 mL size). Visual pres- all samples provides a direct, unbiased result
- to encourage on-going cleaning to control sampled, material of the surface, and surface laboratory measurements were analyzed for all
- lead dust. TLC home assessors performed conditions were recorded. dustwipe samples.
- postintervention visual inspection for quality Laboratory analysis. All dustwipe samples Dust lead loadings are reported as mass of
- assurance and collected dustwipe samples in a from each of the clinical centers were sent to lead collected divided by sample area (µg/ft2).
- with the permission of the building owner or (range, 53–94 µg per sample; n = 16) and field intervention log-transformed lead loadings
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
- Baby Wipes
- Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
- Lead
Verification notes
- Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing
wiki/sources/pages before creation. - Full-PDF read:
pdftotext -layoutwas run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written. - Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
- Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
- HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.