Overview
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Key numbers
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- 42 µg/dL and remained elevated for a number of years. For most children, only a small contribu- blood lead levels > 25 µg/dL and 84% had
- another child, > 90% of lead could be derived from the smelter. We found varying amounts of of slag (glassy smelter residue) infills (Galvin
- those measured in children from other lead mining and smelting communities. Key words: children, values ≤ 21,460 ppm in First Street, directly
- in recreational areas, with levels ≤ 6,000 ppm
- of lead–zinc and zinc–lead ores in smelters 1996a, 1996b). value ≤ 15,210 ppm Pb, 1 km from the
- accounted for 12% of blood lead variance in munity (Figure 1) and is currently operated by plying the 1998 slag samples; E. O’Brien and T.
- to upgrade the smelter capacity. An outcome take individual house remediation, blood lead remediation programs, 37% of 87 children
- (Waller G. Unpublished data) supplied by the levels of 22 µg/dL at 10 months and 14 µg/dL dust 2,650 ppm, and the top of a ceiling fan
- householder. This house is located approxi- at 15 months. The front yard was well grassed 10,670 ppm. No environmental or blood sam-
- were three children 15, 9, and 3 years old at a concentration of 82,000 ppm Pb, probably imately 500 m of the smelter boundary and in
- values: front yard soil, 2,650 ppm Pb; backyard sampling in July 1998, the family was not remediation, the ceiling dust contained
- soil, 1,010 ppm; ceiling dust, 15,800 ppm (lead living in the house. 15,800 ppm Pb in the 250 µm fraction
- dust with 10,240 ppm Pb (lead loading of sister had blood lead levels of 6–8 µg/dL. She lead paint grains from the soil, and blood
- 2 cm thick of a crusted orange dust. Dust fall analyzed a sample of ceiling dust and found it Gulson and Wilson (1994) and Gulson
- accumulation was measured by leaving petri to contain up to 9,000 ppm Pb. (1996) demonstrated the use of the lead iso-
- took renovations during her second pregnancy, tained more than 4,000 ppm Pb, ceiling dust exposure in utero to that in early childhood
- Sample type 208Pb:206Pb 207Pb:206Pb 206Pb:204Pb 207Pb:204Pb Pb (ppm) Date collected
- Sample type 208Pb:206Pb 207Pb:206Pb 206Pb:204Pb 207Pb:204Pb Pb (ppm) Date collected
- Ceiling, dust crust 2.2153 0.9514 16.19 15.40 780 ppm 08 Apr 1998
- The results are presented in Tables 1–5 and from deposits that are geologically old end members), the isotopic data define linear
- House Sex Max PbB (age) Tooth type Section 208Pb:206Pb 207Pb:206Pb 206Pb:204Pb 207Pb:204Pb Pb (ppm) Date collected
- those found at Woodlawn and Elura (Cobar dust in air in a suburb adjacent to the smelter range (Figure 2), with 206Pb:204Pb ratios clus-
- relationship, at about 90%. Before the showed that more than 90% of the lead in intake in various Australian communities for
- have been closer to 16.0, the 206Pb:204Pb value Mean values of the isotope ratios in Sydney Lake Macquarie.
- Since 1969, the range of materials processed overall increase in the 206Pb:204Pb ratio over large variation in the isotopic composition for
- to include material from the Broken Hill and the mean data has a slope that is considerably from 16.9 to 17.5 (Figure 2). This variation
- range measured for dust, as described below. A layers of leaded paint (Gulson et al. 1995). the early use of predominantly Broken Hill
- ■ 1993, 1995 × Pb/m2/30 days (Table 3). These high values
- ■ × Soils the arithmetic mean value of 298 measure-
- ■■ ■ Slag range was 6–1,046 µg Pb/m2/30 days.
- Figure 2. Isotope ratio plot for the various environmental and biologic samples, using data from Tables 1–5 contained 15,800 ppm Pb (Table 2) and was
- using information on the feedstock from Firkin (1980). The air filters are from Sydney, containing > 90% lead
- 206Pb:204Pb ratio of 17.44 lies within the range
- fits through the data for teeth and air filters, respectively. The 95% error ellipse for replicate analyses of for the 1990s data. The dust data, however,
- identical with the ratio of 17.4 obtained from ples isotopically. In one case (Table 3), the 18.1; a contribution from lead paint with low
- can also provide important information on and petri dust. We estimate that > 90% of the in the case of two households (houses 1 and 7),
- meant that, in difficult-to-reach areas, “histori- In the other case (house 7), where lead Dust. Dust is now recognized as the major
- orange dust had a 206Pb:204Pb ratio of 16.19 child had pica, about 45% of lead in her blood is derived mainly from lead paint (Clark et al.
- (Table 2), reflecting the early feedstock for the was estimated to be derived from paint. The 1985; Jacobs et al. 2002; Lanphear et al. 1999,
- a 206Pb:204Pb ratio of 17.47 (Table 2). During its past use, perhaps for disposal of industrial munities with lead activities, the most obvious
- several children are listed in Table 5. The data 3–4 km from the smelter, in both northerly a variety of media, including vacuum cleaner
- leaching with peroxide during the cleaning lish sources of lead in children in a commu- ceiling dust accumulation (Table 2).
Methods (brief)
- We compared high-precision lead isotopic ratios in deciduous teeth and environmental samples to in children 1–13 years old in Boolaroo and
- approximately 55 to 100% of lead could be derived from the smelter. For a blood sample from proximity to the smelter, with the exception
- concentrations in the children, the levels of lead in the teeth are surprisingly low compared with the soil survey (202 samples) reported lead
- environmental samples, isotopes, lead, smelter, teeth. Environ Health Perspect 112:52–60 (2004). opposite the smelter, with decreasing values
- sion controls through regulatory guidelines ronmental and biologic samples, collected over the fine fractions of the Cockle Creek slags
- Kimbrough et al. (1995) suggested that lead in A primary zinc–lead smelter, Cockle Creek families; J. James for supplying samples from house
- accounted for 12% of blood lead variance in munity (Figure 1) and is currently operated by plying the 1998 slag samples; E. O’Brien and T.
- had closed. Similarly, in the Broken Hill min- in 1897, ceased operation in 1922, resumed Morrison for some sample collection, redrawing of
- Sampling. Variable numbers of samples
- and environmental samples. For example,
- only two blood samples were taken because,
- environmental samples were obtained except
- Figure 1. Location of the Cockle Creek smelter in relation to surrounding suburbs and houses sampled group) Action News (Mosman 1997), from
- had moved into the house from a low-lead clearly present in the samples. Additional soil lead of both parents was < 10 µg/dL. The girl
- environment in November 1990. The mother samples were collected at the front and rear had a blood lead of 28 µg/dL at age 4 but
- moved into the house. In 1995 the youngest were collected from the front walls of the 18 months old and was diagnosed as autistic
- the front bedroom window well where the mately 500 m from the smelter stack. The blood samples were available for analysis for
- the smelter), which had been completely his toy trucks. His blood lead was 14 and Inspection of several soil samples, especially
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