v2.2 Step Zero scaffold — Category 13 (Cosmetics and Personal Care — Leave-on), Row 17. New row from the 2026-06-09 whole-taxonomy completeness audit; carries no candidate values yet. Routing destination; sources populate it as ingest proceeds, then synthesis fills the evidence sections.
Literature scope
No sources are catalogued for this row yet.
Measured ranges from the evidence register
Computed from reviewed rows in the structured evidence register for this page: total element content in the product as sold, in mg/kg, one purchased unit per result. These are single commercially tested units from grey literature, not a market distribution. Non-detects are counted against the reporting limit the laboratory printed and are not treated as zero. Rows attached to an unresolved flag, repeated reports of the same test, non-detects without a printed limit, unstated bases, and screening results from a food-validated digestion are not included.
| Analyte | Units tested | Quantified | Range where quantified (mg/kg) | Below reporting limit | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lead (Pb) | 12 | 12 | 0.118 to 4.6125 | 0 | 1 |
| cadmium (Cd) | 12 | 12 | 0.00967 to 0.6216 | 0 | 1 |
| total arsenic (tAs) | 12 | 7 | 0.01996 to 0.2296 | 5 (< 0.01) | 1 |
| total mercury (tHg) | 12 | 1 | 0.00531 | 11 (< 0.005) | 1 |
Sources: Chart Comparing the Toxicant Profiles of Popular Sunscreen Products.
Sources
Sources catalogued for this page. The last column says how each source is used here.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Health 2026. 35 Sunscreens Tested: No Benzene Detected, Lead Found in All 35. Sunscreen Contaminant Screening: Residual Solvents and Heavy Metals, Oasis Science Testing Program, oasishealth.app, findings report, Order No. 594282, last updated September 2026 | 2026 | Industry | US Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 35 retail sunscreen products (lotions, sticks and aerosol sprays; four with ‘mineral’ in the certificate name, two kids… (n=35) |
| 2 | Rubin et al. 2026. Chart Comparing the Toxicant Profiles of Popular Sunscreen Products, tamararubin.com (Lead Safe Mama, LLC), posted 28 May 2026; chart Draft 2.1 updated 19 April 2026 | 2026 | NGO report | US/AU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 35 retail sunscreens (two charted as chemical-filter products, the rest mostly zinc oxide) plus one single-ingredient zinc oxide… (n=36) |
| 3 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2024. Scientific Advice on Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (CAS/EC numbers 13463-67-7/236-675-5, 1317-70-0/215-280-1, 1317-80-2/215-282-2) (SCCS/1661/23), European Commission, SCCS/1661/23, adopted by written procedure 13 May 2024 (sccs_o_282) | 2024 | Government report | EU Pb, tAs, Sb, tHg, Cd, Ti occurrence in Applicant raw-material data on 44 pigmentary and 40 nano titanium dioxide grades used in cosmetics; no finished-product sampling (n=84) |
| 4 | Khabir et al. 2021. Human Epidermal Zinc Concentrations after Topical Application of ZnO Nanoparticles in Sunscreens, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(22):12372 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | AU Zn occurrence in Excised skin from three adult female donors (46-53 years) treated for 48 h with 20 % wt/wt 67ZnO-PEG… (n=3) |
| 5 | Mohammed et al. 2019. Support for the Safe Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Sunscreens: Lack of Skin Penetration or Cellular Toxicity after Repeated Application in Volunteers, Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139(2):308-315 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | AU Zn occurrence in Five healthy adult volunteers aged 20-30 with undamaged skin; plus excised human skin in vitro (n=5) |
| 6 | Rodríguez-Romero et al. 2019. Sunscreens as a New Source of Metals and Nutrients to Coastal Waters, Environmental Science & Technology 53(17):10177-10187 | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU Pb, Cd, Ni, Al, Ti, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo occurrence in One commercial SPF 50 sun protection milk spray containing nano titanium dioxide, bought for leaching experiments in filtered… (n=1) |
| 7 | Gulson et al. 2016. Should nanoparticles be used in sunscreens?, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (ICHMET), Ghent, Belgium, 12-15 September 2016. Ghent University Open Journals | 2016 | Conference proceedings | AU Zn occurrence in 20 adult volunteers applying sunscreen with 68Zn-enriched zinc oxide (19 nm nanoparticles or >100 nm bulk particles) outdoors… (n=20) |
| 8 | Beer et al. 2015. Dermal Absorption of Nanomaterials Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Based Sunscreen: Role of Size and Surface Coating, Environmental Project No. 1736, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, ISBN 978-87-93352-53-7 | 2015 | Government report | DK/EU Ti, Zn occurrence in Eight nanoparticle materials (six TiO2, two ZnO) added at 2.5 wt% to one chemical-filter base sunscreen; EpiDerm tissues… (n=8) |
| 9 | Sørensen et al. 2014. Occurrence and effects of nanosized anatase titanium dioxide in consumer products, Environmental Project No. 1603, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, ISBN 978-87-93283-02-2 | 2014 | Government report | DK/EU Ti occurrence in Mapping of sunscreens and photocatalytic paints on the Danish market (11 companies and one expert approached); an expert… (n=7) |
| 10 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2014. Opinion on Titanium Dioxide (nano form), COLIPA S 75 (SCCS/1516/13), European Commission, SCCS/1516/13, adopted 22 July 2013, revision of 22 April 2014 (sccs_o_136) | 2014 | Government report | EU Pb, tAs, Sb, tHg, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ti, Fe occurrence in Regulatory opinion on fifteen nano titanium dioxide materials (S75-A to S75-O) in the applicant submission; no product sampling (n=15) |
| 11 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2014. Addendum to the Opinion SCCS/1489/12 on Zinc oxide (nano form), COLIPA S 76 (SCCS/1518/13), European Commission, SCCS/1518/13, adopted 23 July 2013, revision of 22 April 2014 (sccs_o_137) | 2014 | Government report | EU Zn occurrence in Regulatory addendum; no sampling |
| 12 | Tovar-Sánchez et al. 2013. Sunscreen Products as Emerging Pollutants to Coastal Waters, PLoS ONE 8(6):e65451 | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | ES/EU Ti, Zn, Al, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn occurrence in Seven commercial sunscreens analysed for metals (supplementary Table S2); 13 commercial sunscreens in the separate nutrient-release experiment; nearshore… (n=7) |
| 13 | Scientific Committee on Consumer 2012. Opinion on Zinc oxide (nano form), COLIPA S 76 (SCCS/1489/12), European Commission, SCCS/1489/12, adopted 18 September 2012, revision of 11 December 2012 | 2012 | Government report | EU Zn occurrence in Regulatory opinion; no sampling. Reviews dossier nanomaterials (purity ≥ 99 %, plus one material of ≥ 96 %)… |
| 14 | Health Canada 2026. Primary Sunscreen Monograph, Natural Health Products Ingredients Database (NHPID), monograph dated 2026-02-27 | 2026 | Government report | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 15 | FDA 2019. Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use (proposed rule), Federal Register 84(38):6204-6275, 26 February 2019, Docket No. FDA-1978-N-0018 | 2019 | Government report | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git.