Overview
This provisional ingredient page records source-specific measurements for red wine. Its population contamination profile has not been synthesized. See Ingredients for the ingredient inventory.
Heavy metal contamination profile
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lead (Pb) | pending | — | — | — |
| cadmium (Cd) | pending | — | — | — |
| inorganic arsenic (iAs) | pending | — | — | — |
| total arsenic (tAs) | pending | — | — | — |
| total mercury (tHg) | pending | — | — | — |
| nickel (Ni) | pending | — | — | — |
| aluminum (Al) | pending | — | — | — |
| chromium (Cr) | pending | — | — | — |
| tin (Sn) | pending | — | — | — |
| uranium (U) | pending | — | — | — |
The profile fields remain pending until an evidence synthesis supports a population estimate. Source observations are listed separately below.
Reported measurements from source notes are below. The contamination profile on this page is still pending. No typical or upper-tail value is calculated here, and no certification limit is stated.
Reported measurements
The 2021 note reports lead in 59 Serbian red wines, in µg/L. Vojvodina (n = 12): mean 65.0 ± 32.6, minimum 14.9, maximum 117.6, median 56.4. Belgrade (n = 22): mean 44.4 ± 29.6, minimum 12.6, maximum 100.3, median 26.3. Central Serbia (n = 14): mean 48.8 ± 35.1, minimum 11.5, maximum 114.5, median 39.6. South Serbia (n = 11): mean 58.0 ± 44.8, minimum 14.5, maximum 126.1, median 47.4. The text also reports the single overall lowest as 11.50 ± 0.05 µg/L (Central Serbia) and the single overall highest as 126.10 ± 0.09 µg/L (South Serbia), beside the regional minimum 11.5 µg/L and maximum 126.1 µg/L. This page repeats both and does not choose one. The authors’ comparator is the OIV maximum of 150 µg/L for wines produced since 2007. The note says the range 11.5 to 126.1 µg/L was below that comparator. Lead isotope ratios are not concentrations and are not repeated here. Is a Lead Isotope Ratios in Wine Good Marker for Origin Assessment?
Red wine fermentation and the lead cohorts
Wine fermentation changes the product’s own yeasts and bacteria. That is a different question from how lead reaches an infant tooth or a maternal blood sample. The gut studies cited below are two human lead cohorts. A winery quality file should not treat those cohorts as a fermentation result.
Sitarik et al. 2020 measured tooth lead and stool microbiota at 1 month and 6 months in 146 maternal-child pairs in the Detroit-area WHEALS cohort. In utero tooth lead was associated with fungal community composition at 1 month. Lead was not associated with overall bacterial community structure. Taxon-level bacterial shifts were higher Collinsella at 1 month, higher Bilophila at 6 months, and lower Bacteroides. The direction is lead exposure toward microbiota composition. Tooth lead is a biomarker, not a concentration in this ingredient.
Eggers et al. 2023, per WikiBiome source summary, DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1193919, followed 123 children in the Mexico City PROGRESS cohort. Maternal blood lead means were 33.6 µg/L in the second trimester and 34.9 µg/L in the third. Stool metagenomes at ages 9 to 11 showed lower Bacteroides caccae with lead exposure. Weighted quantile sum regression gave a negative overall mixture effect (beta = -0.17) in both trimesters. The direction is prenatal lead toward the childhood gut microbiota. The summary does not support a lead concentration in food.
Study table
| Study | Model | Metal and dose | Main finding | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sitarik et al. 2020 | Human infants; tooth lead and stool; n = 146 | Lead; tooth biomarker, not a food dose | Fungal composition at 1 month shifted; overall bacterial structure did not | Not this ingredient |
| Eggers et al. 2023 | Human children, ages 9 to 11; n = 123 | Maternal blood lead; means 33.6 and 34.9 µg/L | Lower Bacteroides caccae; mixture beta = -0.17 | Per WikiBiome source summary; not this ingredient |
What remains uncertain
Both cohorts are human and observational. Neither served red wine, and neither reports a wine lead concentration. Cadmium and other metals that can appear on a wine panel are not given gut findings here.
FDA TDS FY2018–FY2020 source observations
FDA measured the prepared foods named below. Each row describes that food and preparation, not every form of this ingredient. Values are µg/kg (ppb) on the FDA sample basis. ND means not detected; it is not a measured zero. Reporting limits can vary between composites. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results
| FDA food and preparation | Analyte | Composites | Detected | Detected concentrations (ppb) | Reporting limits (ppb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 501: Wine, red | tAs | 3 | 3 | 4.3–6.7 | 1 |
| 501: Wine, red | Cd | 3 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 501: Wine, red | Cr | 3 | 1 | 29 | 25 |
| 501: Wine, red | Pb | 3 | 3 | 4.3–7.1 | 1 |
| 501: Wine, red | tHg | 3 | 0 | ND in all composites | 1 |
| 501: Wine, red | Ni | 3 | 2 | 24 | 20 |
| 501: Wine, red | U | 3 | 1 | 1.4 | 1 |
References
Works cited in this page’s text, in first-appearance order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- Is a Lead Isotope Ratios in Wine Good Marker for Origin Assessment?Peer-reviewed
- Fetal and early postnatal lead exposure measured in teeth associates with infant gut microbiotaPeer-reviewed
- Prenatal lead exposure is negatively associated with the gut microbiome in childhoodPeer-reviewed
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
Sources
Sources catalogued for this page. The last column says how each source is used here.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | US-FDA Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, Ni, Cr, U, Sb occurrence in 3276 prepared food, beverage and water composites across 307 TDS foods, FY2018-FY2020 US collections (n=3276) |
Update history
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