Heavy metals in Tomato sauce

Quick read

Tomato sauce in the HMI library has 140 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Fe and As from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{6Ammar HR, Saleh SM, Sivasankaran S, Albadri AEAE, Al-Mufadi FA · 2023Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MSApplied Sciences (MDPI)Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel and chromium and others, in 140 results from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}
Main drivers:
Tomato sauce, as sold from cellulosic carton, all retail samples had lead higher at 57 µg/kg, against 35 µg/kg for metal can, all retail samples in the same study.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

Tomato sauce overview

Tomato sauce in the HMI library has 140 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Fe and As from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{6Ammar HR, Saleh SM, Sivasankaran S, Albadri AEAE, Al-Mufadi FA · 2023Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MSApplied Sciences (MDPI)Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in tomato sauce, as sold from 120 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.65 to 350 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, tomato sauce, canned had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 6 µg/kg (Grochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020) to 57 µg/kg (Muniz et al. 2018).^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →} For cadmium, 3 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 2 µg/kg (Muniz et al. 2018) to 21 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024).^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{7Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Tomato sauce, as sold from metal can, all retail samples had tin higher at 181 µg/kg, against 56 µg/kg for cellulosic carton, all retail samples in the same study.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the tomato sauce came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as tomato sauce

This page covers tomato sauce in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: tomato sauce, as sold (131 results) and tomato sauce, canned (9 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{6Ammar HR, Saleh SM, Sivasankaran S, Albadri AEAE, Al-Mufadi FA · 2023Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MSApplied Sciences (MDPI)Read source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of tomato sauce

The table holds every extracted tomato sauce result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 140 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{6Ammar HR, Saleh SM, Sivasankaran S, Albadri AEAE, Al-Mufadi FA · 2023Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MSApplied Sciences (MDPI)Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

35 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 43 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 3 values from 1 source failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of tomato sauce, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Tomato sauce findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

24 findings · 5 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2014–2018	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2012–2017	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2010	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2015	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2013–2014	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012–2016	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldGrochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020	canned sauce, PolandCollection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldGrochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020	plastic container, PolandCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 13–78 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 12–27 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 27–50 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 7–26 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	sample value.
Tomato sauce, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Tomato sauce, cannedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.

21 findings · 6 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldGrochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020	canned sauce, PolandCollection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldGrochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020	plastic container, PolandCollection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 4–8 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 4–5 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 3.1–5 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 1–7 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	sample value.
Tomato sauce, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldZealand 2019	national/regional composite samples, Australia2013–2014Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Tomato sauce, cannedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

3 findings · 2 studies
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2008	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

11 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 67–127 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 55–92 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 90–110 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 41–58 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

12 findings · 1 study · 3 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 268–381 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 182–399 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 220–370 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

11 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 55–80 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 57–58 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 125–258 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 20–51 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.

8 findings · 1 study
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	not detected.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Tomato sauce, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

11 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 25–49 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	cellulosic carton, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 28–29 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	glass jar, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 31–41 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	metal can, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	median.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 22–34 µg/kg (range)
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, all retail samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 1Collection date unreported	mean.
Tomato sauce, as soldMuniz et al. 2018	plastic container, product line 2Collection date unreported	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI tomato sauce Pb reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Pb reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	12–16 (bounded)	20
Alternative weighting	≤4	12	20

29 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	24	25%
Grochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020	1	25%
Muniz et al. 2018	3	25%
Stojanović et al. 2021	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-3c0d3bf7a585:62f490d74bc0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Pb reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Pb reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-3262116415b4:b6635c0085c9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Cd reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Cd reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5	10	17.7
Alternative weighting	5	10	17.7

30 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	26	33%
Muniz et al. 2018	3	33%
Stojanović et al. 2021	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-1564b54c2946:f2f78ef00d48

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Cd reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Cd reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	16	21	25
Alternative weighting	16	21	25

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-90cfa7d95424:b3f417d3423c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce tAs reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce tAs reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.2	≤1.6	1.82–4.07 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1.2	≤1.6	1.82–4.07 (bounded)

3 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	50%
Stojanović et al. 2021	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-9b7e209d2160:0f9eb6bf3f95

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce tAs reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce tAs reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	3.6	5.7
Alternative weighting	≤3	3.6	5.7

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-a33490fc0bd7:1e953bd85135

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce tHg reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce tHg reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.3	≤2.65	≤5
Alternative weighting	≤0.3	≤2.65	≤5

2 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	50%
Stojanović et al. 2021	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-b06e360bc6df:0e8e8d085348

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce tHg reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce tHg reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-6cad2fff7b1a:229fca869efd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Ni reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Ni reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	48	74	105
Alternative weighting	48	74	105

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Muniz et al. 2018	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Muniz et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, as sold on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Muniz et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-8ef84bd04d77:b0881df1d51f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Ni reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Ni reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	56	59	64
Alternative weighting	56	59	64

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-e5801e1f2fb3:af937e52de1a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Cr reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Cr reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	274	300	319
Alternative weighting	274	300	319

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Muniz et al. 2018	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Muniz et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, as sold on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Muniz et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-eb0c9a2e0953:ae3096e63ed5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Cr reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Cr reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-afe2b378d2b2:39cf3f32465d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Sn reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Sn reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	34	56	181
Alternative weighting	34	56	181

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Muniz et al. 2018	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Muniz et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, as sold on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Muniz et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-d15dda395b01:b3cd29ef9e21

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce Sb reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce Sb reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤18	≤18	≤18
Alternative weighting	≤18	≤18	≤18

8 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Muniz et al. 2018	8	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Muniz et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, as sold on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Muniz et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-5a6692ed71f3:4f3208b911a7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce U reference · Tomato sauce, canned

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce U reference · Tomato sauce, canned. Tomato sauce, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, canned on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-ea6f33087800:f47445967fbd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI tomato sauce As reference · Tomato sauce, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI tomato sauce As reference · Tomato sauce, as sold. Tomato sauce, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	30	30	33
Alternative weighting	30	30	33

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Muniz et al. 2018	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for tomato sauce, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Muniz et al. 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for tomato sauce, as sold on this basis in the completed tomato sauce ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Muniz et al. 2018

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:tomato-sauce-0bd1d04b9b18:c62f548b793a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach tomato sauce

The evidence on how metals reach tomato sauce comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Tomato sauce, as sold from metal can, all retail samples had tin higher at 181 µg/kg, against 56 µg/kg for cellulosic carton, all retail samples in the same study.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in tomato sauce, as sold pools 29 subgroup units from 4 sampling families, with a median of between 12 and 16 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and 20 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →} For lead in tomato sauce, canned, the reference median was below 4 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 4 to below 4 µg/kg across 4 units.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{7Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium in tomato sauce, as sold, the reference median was 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from 5 to 17.7 µg/kg across 30 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, tomato sauce, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (2.65 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (350 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (18.2 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (20 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted tomato sauce, as sold samples in WPRO had cadmium lower at 10 µg/kg, against 18.2 µg/kg for WPRO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 4 groups of tomato sauce ranged from 13 µg/kg (plastic container, product line 2) to 40 µg/kg (metal can, product line 1); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No study in the library measured the same tomato sauce before and after washing, peeling, drying or cooking for metals, so no processing effect can be stated. Heat does not destroy metals; cooking or drying changes a concentration by moving water or metal, not by removing the element.

Mitigation for tomato sauce

No control for metals in tomato sauce was measured in the library; lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable step.

No study in this library has yet measured a way to lower heavy metals in tomato sauce; the studies here compare contaminated and ordinary growing settings, and lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable check.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing tomato sauce for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 2 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 6.67 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1.2 µg/kg (Stojanović et al. 2021) to 5 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{5Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying tomato sauce

No maximum level for metals in tomato sauce was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from tomato sauce

No source in the library converted tomato sauce concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names tomato sauce was decided on its content: 8 occurrence extracted, 8 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Tomato sauce FAQs

What heavy metals are found in tomato sauce?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Fe and As in tomato sauce, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Grochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, Baranowska R · 2020Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in tomato sauce, as sold from 120 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.65 to 350 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into tomato sauce?

In the studies available, tomato sauce from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than tomato sauce from the same study’s control.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →} Tomato sauce, as sold from cellulosic carton, all retail samples had lead higher at 57 µg/kg, against 35 µg/kg for metal can, all retail samples in the same study.^{4Muniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, Jacob SC · 2018Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingFood Science and TechnologyRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in tomato sauce?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, tomato sauce, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (2.65 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (350 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (18.2 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (20 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato productsGrochowska-Niedworok E, Nieć J, and Baranowska R · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) · 2020 · doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2020.0126Peer-reviewed
Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packagingMuniz LP, Santos LMG, Couto KLM, and Jacob SC · Food Science and Technology · 2018 · doi.org/10.1590/fst.27916Peer-reviewed
Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansStojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, et al. · Research Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1) · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-271859/v1Preprint
Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MSAmmar HR, Saleh SM, Sivasankaran S, Albadri AEAE, and Al-Mufadi FA · Applied Sciences (MDPI) · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/app132413119Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed

Sources

Browse Tomato sauce Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every tomato sauce record in the library: 8 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Graph View

1

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports

2

FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results

3

Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato products

4

Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packaging

5

Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cans

6

Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS

Food and Drug Administration

7

Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020