Heavy metals in Sea salt

Quick read

Sea salt in the HMI library has 97 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Ca from 7 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Salsabiela M · 2021ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 97 results from 7 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the sea salt was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}

Sea salt overview

Sea salt in the HMI library has 97 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Ca from 7 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Salsabiela M · 2021ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in sea salt, as sold from 43 results in 2 reporting regions, with subgroup medians below 300 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, sea salt, as sold had a median lead result below 10 µg/kg across 1 composite from 2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Di et al. 2023 reported lead at 8,420 µg/kg (mean ± 320 SD) in sea salt, as sold from gourmet salt.^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →} European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 reported inorganic arsenic at 38.6 µg/kg (mean) in sea salt, as sold from European dietary-survey occurrence data.^{7European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the sea salt came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as sea salt

This page covers sea salt, as sold (97 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Salsabiela M · 2021ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44Read source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of sea salt

The table holds every extracted sea salt result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 97 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Salsabiela M · 2021ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

20 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 43 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded.

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of sea salt, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Sea salt findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

15 findings · 6 studies
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011–2019	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012–2013	median.
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S6, origin England, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S7, origin Italy, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

10 findings · 5 studies
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2019	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S6, origin England, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S7, origin Italy, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

11 findings · 4 studies
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2015	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2023	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2014–2019	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S6, origin England, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S7, origin Italy, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 2 studies
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2021	median.
Sea salt, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.

13 findings · 5 studies
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2018	median.
Sea salt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S6, origin England, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S7, origin Italy, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Sea salt, as soldSalsabiela 2021	salt field sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

5 findings · 2 studies
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

5 findings · 2 studies
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2020	median.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S6, origin England, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S7, origin Italy, Italian retailersCollection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldCaridi et al. 2019	food salt sample S8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt, origin Marsala (Italy), bought in Messina markets2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.
Sea salt, as soldDi et al. 2023	gourmet salt2022	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI sea salt Pb reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt Pb reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤15	300
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤15	300

21 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	16	25%
FDA Total Diet Study	1	25%
Caridi et al. 2019	3	25%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-e82d88057483:ed60321d7f31

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt Cd reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt Cd reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤3	10–13.6 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤3	10–13.6 (bounded)

18 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	13	25%
FDA Total Diet Study	1	25%
Caridi et al. 2019	3	25%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-3f66faf97197:98bfc295296a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt tAs reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt tAs reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤7	≤10	30
Alternative weighting	≤7	≤10	30

15 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	11	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	1	33%
Caridi et al. 2019	3	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-4aa025034a80:e180ea5890fd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt iAs reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt iAs reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2.25	≤2.25	≤2.25
Alternative weighting	≤2.25	≤2.25	≤2.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for sea salt, as sold on this basis in the completed sea salt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-eca5d5b5ce64:5dc0f19c6e91

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt tHg reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt tHg reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤5.5	20
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤5.5	20

12 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	8	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	1	33%
Caridi et al. 2019	3	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-09deb11cbf82:16049c86be80

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt Ni reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt Ni reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤100	≤100	≤100
Alternative weighting	≤100	≤100	≤100

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for sea salt, as sold on this basis in the completed sea salt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-239b5fe6d1af:a5937362098e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt Cr reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt Cr reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤125	≤125	≤125
Alternative weighting	≤125	≤125	≤125

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for sea salt, as sold on this basis in the completed sea salt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-976fe3cb9aa7:ad12d5671db2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt U reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt U reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3.3	3.3	3.3
Alternative weighting	3.3	3.3	3.3

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for sea salt, as sold on this basis in the completed sea salt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-5dbb6d1555b9:901d6cf43733

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI sea salt Cu reference · Sea salt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI sea salt Cu reference · Sea salt, as sold. Sea salt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	700	900	1300
Alternative weighting	700	900	1300

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Caridi et al. 2019	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for sea salt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Caridi et al. 2019 is the only compatible sampling family for sea salt, as sold on this basis in the completed sea salt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Caridi et al. 2019

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:sea-salt-0bdadc9da953:3b087a376d45

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach sea salt

No study in the library compared sea salt from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in sea salt, as sold pools 21 subgroup units from 4 sampling families, with a median of below 15 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 10 (lower quartile) and 300 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium in sea salt, as sold, the reference median was below 3 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 3 to between 10 and 13.6 µg/kg across 18 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For total arsenic in sea salt, as sold, the reference median was below 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 7 to 30 µg/kg across 15 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}

In one study, lead across 4 groups of sea salt ranged from 6,610 µg/kg (gourmet salt) to 8,420 µg/kg (gourmet salt); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No study in the library measured the same sea salt before and after washing, peeling, drying or cooking for metals, so no processing effect can be stated. Heat does not destroy metals; cooking or drying changes a concentration by moving water or metal, not by removing the element.

Mitigation for sea salt

No control for metals in sea salt was measured in the library; lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable step.

No study in this library has yet measured a way to lower heavy metals in sea salt; the results above show the levels measured, and lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable check.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing sea salt for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.001 µg/kg (Di et al. 2023) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 3 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 25 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (Salsabiela 2021) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{6Salsabiela M · 2021ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44Read source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying sea salt

No maximum level for metals in sea salt was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from sea salt

No source in the library converted sea salt concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names sea salt was decided on its content: 7 occurrence extracted, 7 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Sea salt FAQs

What heavy metals are found in sea salt?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Ca in sea salt, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Caridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, Belmusto G · 2019Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationApplied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882Read source →}^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in sea salt, as sold from 43 results in 2 reporting regions, with subgroup medians below 300 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which origins or products of sea salt measured lowest?

In one study, lead across 4 groups of sea salt ranged from 6,610 µg/kg (gourmet salt) to 8,420 µg/kg (gourmet salt); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{4Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, Corbo F, Clodoveo ML, Cicero N · 2023Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownToxics 2023, 11, 705Read source →}

How much of the arsenic in sea salt is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 2 results from 2 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{7European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 reported inorganic arsenic at 38.6 µg/kg (mean) in sea salt, as sold from European dietary-survey occurrence data.^{7European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals ContaminationCaridi F, Messina M, Belvedere A, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Settineri L, et al. · Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2882 · 2019 · doi.org/10.3390/app9142882Peer-reviewed
Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition ShowdownDi Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A, et al. · Toxics 2023, 11, 705 · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080705Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)Salsabiela M · Journal of Green Science and Technology, Vol. V, No. 2, September 2021, pp. 39-44 · 2021 · doi.org/10.33603/jgst.v5i2.5678Peer-reviewed
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Sea salt Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every sea salt record in the library: 7 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Graph View

1

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports

2

FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results

3

Food Salt Characterization in Terms of Radioactivity and Metals Contamination

4

Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition Showdown

5

Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020

6

ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SALT (CASE STUDY OF SALT FIELD, LOSARANG DISTRICT, INDRAMAYU REGENCY)

Food and Drug Administration

7

Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population

European Food Safety Authority