This in vitro study exposed differentiating Caco-2 cells to antimony(III) chloride at 0.5, 5, 50, and 100 nM for 18 days and reported dose-dependent inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, with effects described as starting at 5 nM. Bar-graph fold changes are not printed as numbers in the text and were not extracted.
Key numbers
| Analyte | Matrix | Value | Unit | Statistic | N | Where |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb | food | 0.04 | mg/kg of food | regulatory restriction | p.2 | |
| Sb | human oral intake | 0.006 | mg Sb/kg body weight/day | TDI | p.2 |
Methods (brief)
SbCl3 was freshly dissolved in DMSO and added only to the apical side at each medium change. Concentrations were chosen as non-cytotoxic in a preliminary series (Fig. S1, values not printed). TUDCA at 500 uM was used as an ER-stress inhibitor in a 50 nM Sb(III) arm. Statistics used p < 0.05.
Detection and reporting: not reported for antimony; cells treated with vehicle DMSO 0.1% v/v as control
Basis: nominal applied concentration in culture medium, apical side
Evidence fitness
This source can support: in vitro effect threshold for Sb(III) on differentiating Caco-2 cells; citation of the EFSA antimony trioxide food-contact restriction and TDI.
It cannot support: occurrence of antimony in food, water, or PET; human blood antimony levels; a new regulatory limit derived by the authors.
Limitations
No measured antimony concentration in cells, medium, food, or PET. Western blot and PCR results are reported as fold change versus control in figures without numeric labels in the text. The 0.1 ug/g bone, hair, and blood example is cited from Filella et al. and Wu and Chen, not measured here, and was withheld.
Related evidence
Update history
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