Overview
Pagnotta synthesizes the materials science of metal packaging in a comprehensive PRISMA-adapted review covering aluminum alloys, tinplate, tin-free steel, stainless steel, and hybrid architectures. The paper is relevant background for the food contact material context of child feeding accessories, particularly for understanding tin coating weights in canned-food lids, chromium passivation layers on tin-free steel, and aluminum alloy properties in beverage cans and closures. No primary migration or contamination measurements are provided. This is a broad context source for the metal packaging class; it does not report measurements from child-sized feeding accessories or from any food product.
Key numbers
Material composition and specification data (not primary migration data):
- Tinplate tin coating weight: approximately 1 to 11 g/m2 (Table 2, p. 18)
- Tin-free steel (ECCS) chromium coating weight: 30 to 60 mg/m2 per side (p. 19)
- Aluminum alloy 3xxx yield strength: 140 to 280 MPa; 5xxx: 200 to 320 MPa; 8xxx: 100 to 200 MPa; 1xxx: 30 to 120 MPa (Table 1)
- Aluminum typical foil thickness: 6 to 20 micrometers (8xxx series); can body: 0.20 to 0.30 mm (3xxx); can ends: 0.20 to 0.25 mm (5xxx)
- Oxygen transmission rate for aluminum foil: below approximately 0.02 cc per m2 per 24 h (p. 10)
Regulatory citations: EU Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 (food contact materials framework); EU 10/2011 (specific migration limits for plastic FCMs); chromate-based passivation on TFS under regulatory pressure; BPA-to-polyester coating transition ongoing.
Paper statement on migration risk (p. 11): “Dietary exposure studies indicate that aluminum migration from properly coated containers generally remains limited under standard conditions, while localized corrosion at coating defects represents the dominant risk pathway in acidic and fermented products.” No numeric migration values are provided by this paper.
Methods (brief)
Narrative review with PRISMA adaptation. 110 references spanning 1918 to 2026, plus EU regulations, ISO standards, and FDA standards. No primary measurements; numeric values in this paper are from cited primary sources and should be traced to them for quantitative use. LOD/LOQ details apply to cited primary studies.
Implications
Certification: This review provides regulatory and materials-science context for metal packaging categories. The coating-weight data for tinplate and TFS give a basis for understanding surface-level tin and chromium in canned food formats. No action on certification thresholds follows directly from this source.
Courses: Useful for supply-chain and QA modules on metal packaging types, coating integrity, and the regulatory transition from BPA-epoxy to polyester coatings.
App: No contamination_profile value impact. Supporting context for packaging-related metal exposure pathways.
Related evidence
Update history
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