This study loaded zirconium onto extruded tea waste to make a low-cost adsorbent for removing fluoride from drinking water. The material worked across pH 3.0 to 10.0 with a maximum fluoride capacity of 20.56 mg/g. Zirconium release into the treated water was not reported.
Key numbers
- Maximum fluoride adsorption capacity 20.56 mg/g; effective from pH 3.0 to 10.0 (Abstract).
- This paper reports no numerical findings relevant to zirconium exposure.
Methods (brief)
Extrusion of tea waste, zirconium loading, static adsorption tests with kinetic and isotherm modeling, and SEM, EDS, XRD, BET, FTIR and XPS characterization.
Evidence fitness
Off-topic for dietary exposure. The paper uses zirconium as an adsorbent for fluoride removal; it does not support dietary exposure or toxicity claims for zirconium. The paper did not report zirconium concentrations in treated water.
Limitations
No zirconium was measured in food, water, soil or human samples, so nothing in the paper describes exposure.
Related evidence
Update history
No substantive edit history is available in this build. The full commit record is available in git.