total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg), cad- cant declining trends were found for Pb (average

Overview

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mium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), annual decrease 6.9%), Cr (2.8%), MeHg (1.9%), and
selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), palladium (Pd), platinum THg (1.3%), with slightly faster decrease in North-
ied and toxicological significance of the observed tively) compared to Lake Vanajanselkä (6.9%, 2.6%,
levels was assessed in unhatched osprey (Pandion 1.2%, and 0.8%, respectively). Metal concentrations
for moderate injury (0.3 µg/g ww) 6.1%, high injury chowsky, 2019). The proportion of MeHg of total
(0.7 µg/g ww) 0.88%, Pb tentative threshold (1.2 µg/g Hg (THg) increases with the trophic level in the food
easily and the chemically stable vapor is globally 1993). Regardless of emissions and atmospheric depo-
suitable for retrospective contaminant analyses (Saurola, aromatic hydrocarbons (Viluksela et al., 2024). Cur-
Table 1 Number of osprey Total Hg Methyl Hg Other metals
year (Table 1) by participating licensed bird ringers 2024). The eggs were collected within 4–8 weeks
Pd, Pt, and Rh were analyzed at the Finnish Environ- with a final concentration of 10 µg/l. The metals were
Pretreatment of solid samples before THg analy- 2, Table S1.
lowed by SnCl2 reduction and precollection of volatil- zero. For geometric mean calculations, values were
ses with the certified reference materials DOLT-2 and trends a 5-point running mean smoother was applied
97 ± 7% for MeHg and 100 ± 4% for THg. if the smoother explains significantly more than (a)
higher than 3.0 × IQR of the upper quartile, i.e., out- and Rh in all samples were below LOQ, < 0.01 mg/
tial confounding factors including variability of the period did not differ among study areas (Table 2,
Orłowski et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2017). Unhatched eggs decrease 1.30 and 1.93%, respectively) (Figs. 3, S1,
may also contain inherently higher contaminant lev- Table S2). Otherwise, the decreasing trends in the
pounds (Herzke et al., 2002) but does not affect metal tributed 87.5% of THg in all areas, 91.6% in Northern
the nesting success of the osprey population has Vanajanselkä (mean 2.96, median 2.90 µg/g ww)
gradually improved over the study period in line with (Table 3, Fig. S5). The trends were nonsignificant in
current rate since 2000 (see below), which provides a Tables 2S2). There was no correlation between Se
The concentration ranges of all metals quantified in in 50 samples out of 61, the levels were below LOQ,
between study areas were found (Table 3; Fig. S9). (annual decreases 2.84, 3.35, and 2.63%, respec-
In 1979, there were three samples with high Pb lev- tively) (Fig. 5, Table S2). The decrease was faster in
the eggs were not desiccated. A significant decreas- tions between study areas (Table 3, Fig. S11). The two
study areas (annual decreases 6.87, 7.49, and 6.87%, same samples with high Pb levels. No temporal trends
respectively) (Fig. 4, Table S2). The decrease was were detected in the whole dataset and in both study
faster in Northern Quark than in Lake Vanajanselkä. areas (Fig. S12, Table S2).
Table 2 Comparison of THg, MeHg, and Se concentrations in ered relevant in terms of trophic level, location, or time frame
Osprey Canada, Northern 1989–1991 51 0.20b DesGranges et al.,
Table 3 Comparison of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations ered relevant in terms of trophic level, location, or time frame
95% confidence interval
Northern Quark (Table 3, Fig. S13). The highest con- This study found significantly decreasing trends
both study areas (Fig. S14, Table S2). als, whereas Cr is essential but can be toxic at
regression analysis). There was a significant decrease in THg n(yrs), total n of years; slope, annual change (%); r2, coefficient
and MeHg in all areas (annual decrease 1.30%). The shaded of determination; p-value for a two-sided test (H0: slope = 0)
tion measured by moss biomonitoring in Finland in samples from other locations (Tables 2 and 3).
chowsky, 2019). Cr was the only essential metal these observations suggest that long-range atmospheric
Fig. 4 Temporal trend of Pb levels in osprey eggs in differ- (annual decrease 7.49 and 6.87%, respectively). The shaded
ent study areas. Blue circles indicate individual data, and a area is the 95% confidence band for the regression line. Abbre-

Methods (brief)

haliaetus) eggs collected by bird ringers in 1972– in eggs did not exhibit significant regional differ-
ever, only unhatched eggs can be collected from a pro- 280 km south-southeast from Northen Quark (Fig. 1).
on metals using the same sample material. The metals estry and municipal sewage since the 1870 s (Kansanen
two Finnish environments: a marine area in the Gulf inputs thereafter. THg was also analyzed in samples
collected in the different
were collected in 1972–2005, on average 3.4 eggs/ ized by the Ministry of Environment (Viluksela et al.,
year (Table 1) by participating licensed bird ringers 2024). The eggs were collected within 4–8 weeks
samples indicating the collection year, area, and digested using a closed vessel microwave digestion
results of analyses is shown in Online Resource 1. system. The samples were weighed in TFM vessels
Chemical analyses the samples were quantitatively transferred to acid
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. sis, the samples were further diluted 10× with deion-
methods. The IVL laboratory is accredited for analy- trometry (ICP-MS) according to ISO 17294-2:2003
ples (water, biological material, soil, sediment, and of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ),
Pretreatment of solid samples before THg analy- 2, Table S1.
sis was performed through H2SO4/HNO3 digestion. Results are expressed in µg/g wet weight (ww).
THg analysis was performed after BrCl oxidation fol- Values falling below LOQ were assigned a value of
tion and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy centration when < 30% of samples from a given area
(CVAFS) detection. were zero.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised