Overview
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Key numbers
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- suming high-Hg predators. Monte Carlo simulations (N = 30,000) revealed upper-tail
- ically stable form that readily crosses the blood–brain and placental barriers (7,8). As a
- H4—spatial differences are detectable but secondary to biological determinants.
- European Commission, Bruxelles, Belgium). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 µg·kg−1
- for MeHg, as 80–95% of Hg in muscle tissue is methylmercury (16). THQ values < 1
- predominantly MeHg (often 80–95%), occasional deviations below 60% have been reported;
- study, SWI was calculated using both species-wise median and P95 muscle THg concentra-
- For each iteration, THQ was computed and summarised using the median (P50),
- A total of 49 fish specimens representing seven species were analysed (Table 1). Mer-
- Table 2. Tissue-specific THg (mg·kg−1 ww): mean ± SD, median, range and sample size (n).
- provided in Figures S4 and S5. Mean muscle THg concentrations were 0.058, 0.039, and
- (0.009) exhibited the lowest values (Table 2). Predatory species generally showed higher
- Probabilistic exposure summaries are reported in Tables 4B and S6, with additional spatial
- Organ–species profiles (mean THg, mg kg−1 wet weight) indicated a dominant in-
- reservoirs (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05; Table 2). Muscle THg exhibited a longitudinal
- gradient along the cascade, with mean concentrations of 0.058, 0.039, and 0.014 mg·kg−1
- supporting organ-level contrasts across species are reported in Table S3.
- Table 3. Pearson correlations between morphometric predictors (TL, TW) and tissue THg across
- exhibited higher muscle THg in the large class (median 0.0288 vs. 0.0164 mg·kg−1 ww;
- Correspondingly, SWI values were higher for smaller fish. Although underpowered (n = 4
- Deterministic THQ and SWI estimates are presented in Table 4, while probabilistic out-
- puts are summarised in Tables 4 and S6. At the national average fish intake of 140 g week−1 ,
- Table 4. (A) Deterministic THQ (IR = 140 g week−1 ) and SWI (median and P95) by species.
- 5—Perch, 6—Prussian carp, 7—Roach. Notes: Monte Carlo settings: N = 30,000; C sampled via species-specific
- (Figure 3; Table 2). Although THg was quantified in multiple organs, organ-specific datasets
- The observed hierarchy Predators > Omnivores in muscle (Figure 3; Table 2) is char-
- higher trophic levels and older individuals (19,21,43). Higher medians in Perca fluviatilis
- The predominance of MeHg in muscle (80–95%) explains its stable accumulation (8,16,26).
- universally—an important caveat for interpretation (Figure S7A,B; Table 3). In particu-
- lar, Table S3 details the organ-specific TL/TW–Hg associations that underpin these size-
- tissues, whereas at Kardzhali, negative trends appeared in barrier tissues (Table S4;
- remained the dominant organising pattern (Figure 3; Table 2). Complementary panel
- tory species approached or exceeded unity (Table 4, Main; Figure S1A,B, Supplement).
- Monte Carlo simulations (N = 30,000) provide a probabilistic dimension to the as-
- regulatory-relevant and communicable exposure profile (Figure 4; Tables 4 and S6). Species-
- mentary Materials, including deterministic and Monte Carlo outputs (Table S7; Figure S2).
- introducing uncertainty despite the typically high MeHg fraction in muscle (80–95%). Sec-
- real-world consumption patterns. Small sample sizes in some species (e.g., n = 3) may
- tic Monte Carlo simulations (N = 30,000)—demonstrates that fish size (particularly total
- IQR). Table S2: Summary statistics (Species × Organ) for THg (mg kg−1 ww). Table S3: Organ-
- to-organ Pearson correlation matrix for tissue THg (mg kg−1 ww). Table S4: Reservoir-specific
- Pearson correlations for TL/TW vs. muscle THg. Table S5: One-way ANOVA for muscle THg
Methods (brief)
- Fish samples were collected between 2022 and 2024 with the assistance of licensed
- Table 1. Overview of sampled species, trophic guild, reservoirs, and median morphometrics.
- 2.4. Sample Preparation and Mercury Analysis
- approximately 100 mg of each sample was analysed for total mercury (THg) using a direct
- European Commission, Bruxelles, Belgium). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 µg·kg−1
- were fitted by species and, where sample size permitted, by reservoir. Diagnostic evalua-
- Effect sizes (r), significance levels (p), and sample sizes (n) are reported, with additional
- tion (30,000 iterations). In the probabilistic approach, fish ingestion rate (IR) was sampled
- was resampled by non-parametric bootstrap; and body weight (BW) was treated as a fixed
- ability. Muscle THg concentrations (C, mg·kg−1 ww) were sampled using species-specific
- In the probabilistic framework, IR was sampled from IR~Tri(50, 140, 350) g·week−1 to
- scenarios; C was resampled via species-specific empirical bootstrap to preserve empirical
- skewness and tails without imposing a parametric form. C and IR were sampled indepen-
- Table 2. Tissue-specific THg (mg·kg−1 ww): mean ± SD, median, range and sample size (n).
- 5—Perch, 6—Prussian carp, 7—Roach. Notes: Monte Carlo settings: N = 30,000; C sampled via species-specific
- in children. In the probabilistic framework, IR was sampled from a triangular distribu-
- tion Tri(50, 140, 350) g week−1 , C was resampled by empirical bootstrap, and BW was
- In the probabilistic framework, IR was sampled from a triangular distribution
Implications
This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.