Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- five AFC contrasts from 31.3 to 500 ppm. AFC/106 spleen cells shifted from +5.2%
- approximately 84, 184, and 283 ppm, respectively. The same package revealed
- than 90% concordance in rodent test batteries (Luster, 1988; Luster, recoverable” is scientifically consequential. This
- A recoverability matrix was constructed for each included benchmark-like thresholds for 10%, 20%, and 25% decline in AFC/
- exposed/mean control). Because only one independent study Of the 15 screened records, 12 were retained for structured
- synthesis, and 3 excluded. Exclusions were due to non-oral exposure (n = 1), lack of direct relevance to splenic SRBC-TDAR AFC/PFC (n = 1), or absence of
- a comparable in vivo humoral response context (n = 1). (B) Mutually exclusive primary evidence-tier distribution among retained records, assigned solely
- on the basis of the recoverability of the primary splenic SRBC-TDAR AFC/PFC endpoint: fully quantitative (n = 1, 8.3%), partial quantitative (n = 10,
- uneven public recoverability of the primary endpoint. Table 1 analysis beyond the narrative level.
- endpoint depth across compounds 31.3 ppm, 62.5 ppm, 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm against a
- The module registry contained 30 module-level entries cells was 1099.7 (n = 7), and each exposed group contained
- TABLE 1 Characteristics of included rodent oral heavy-metal studies evaluating splenic SRBC-TDAR AFC/PFC, with mutually exclusive primary-evidence tiers.
- TABLE 1 Continued
- The AFC/106 spleen cells changed from +5.165% at 31.3 ppm benchmark-like thresholds for functional suppression, is
- occurred at 500 ppm (lnRR −0.350575, 95% slope of −0.149522 lnRR units per ln-dose unit. On that basis, the
- CI −0.633887 to −0.067263). The absolute mean difference estimated AFC decline per doubling of dose was approximately
- relative to control shifted from +56.8 AFC/106 spleen cells at 9.8%. Descriptive benchmark-like thresholds for AFC decline were
- 31.3 ppm to −72.8, −158.0, −295.9, and −325.2 at 62.5 ppm, then estimated. For a 10% decline, the weighted-fit threshold was
- 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm, respectively. The steepest 83.652 ppm, and the interval-interpolated threshold was
- downward transition occurred between 125 ppm and 250 ppm, 84.567 ppm. For a 20% decline, the corresponding values were
- while the transition from 250 ppm to 500 ppm was shallower, 183.901 ppm and 170.655 ppm. For a 25% decline, they were
- indicating attenuation of slope at the upper end. The within-study 283.165 ppm and 224.987 ppm, respectively. These values should
- contrasts. Table 2 compiles the only fully recoverable primary AFC/
- drinking water for 28 days. Points represent the mean percent change declined progressively and reached −29.572% at 500 ppm, total
- 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm sodium metavanadate; error bars AFC/spleen remained positive or near neutral through 125 ppm
- indicate 95% confidence intervals. The dashed curve shows the (+10.974%, +1.521%, +3.151%) and only turned modestly negative
- inverse-variance-weighted within-study fit on the log-dose scale. at higher doses (−1.861% at 250 ppm; −6.473% at 500 ppm). This
- thresholds for 10%, 20%, and 25% AFC decline (≈83.7 ppm, 183.9 ppm, divergence coincided with increased splenic cellularity, which
- and 283.2 ppm, respectively). The figure summarizes a progressive increased by +7.477%, +8.010%, +21.617%, +41.343%, and
- within-study suppression of plaque-based AFC/106 spleen cells, with +32.127% across the five doses. Thus, specific plaque-forming
- TABLE 2 Fully recoverable primary dataset and within-study effect-size summary for plaque-based splenic SRBC-TDAR AFC/PFC after oral sodium
- Control mean = 1,099.7 AFC/106 spleen cells (n = 7). Each exposed group contained eight animals. The original dispersion in the source dataset was reported as standard error (SE); SD was
- change relative to control across sodium metavanadate doses of 31.3, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 ppm for plaque-based AFC/106 spleen cells, total AFC/
- spleen, spleen cellularity, serum anti-SRBC IgM, and NK-cell cytotoxicity (25:1 E:T). (B) Range of percent changes relative to control across the dose ladder
- dependent divergence. The strongest plaque-based AFC response occurred at 500 ppm (lnRR –0.351, 95% CI –0.634 to –0.067), corresponding to a
- –29.6% change relative to control. AFC, antibody-forming cells; CI, confidence interval; E:T, effector-to-target ratio; IgM, immunoglobulin M; lnRR, log
- +50.741% to +83.523%, and ELISpot IgM AFC/spleen increased modifiable design. Cadmium, therefore, did not behave as a uniform
- +66.730% to +158.619% across the same dose ladder. This suppressor, but it repeatedly perturbed oral humoral function across
- findings in the dataset. It indicates that the same biological Koller et al. (1976) supported strong suppression (−80.0%,
- words, “TDAR” is not analytically interchangeable across platforms. forming cell response, and Mudzinski (1986) showed +17.0% in
- shifting −8.743%, −13.591%, +21.738%, −22.949%, and −6.967% cadmium exposure arms, was further interpreted by
- by −14.964%, −24.369%, −4.617%, −18.940%, and −6.285%, therefore not directionally stable within the current package.
Methods (brief)
- definitions, complete group-level means, variance estimates, and estimates, and sample sizes for additional oral metal studies.
- sample sizes, comparable dose metrics, and accessible module-level Until such datasets become more broadly recoverable, the most
- means, variance estimates, and sample sizes, especially for
- Ladics, G. S. (2018). The sheep erythrocyte T-Dependent antibody response (TDAR). Tipton, E. (2015). Small sample adjustments for robust variance estimation with meta-
Implications
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Update history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.