Muhammad Shoaib Rana, gel alleviates chromium

Overview

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Key numbers

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cited, in accordance with accepted 2 mg/L). Each experimental treatment was replicated three times. A two-way
biomass by up to 48%, chlorophyll a by 37%, soluble protein by 99% and reduced
malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage (EL) by over 40% at 2 mg L-¹ Se NPs (P ≤
2024). In Pakistan, the primary source of Cr pollution is leather vegetable known for its vitamins, minerals and antioxidants prop-
design (CRD) with a 2×4 factorial arrangement was used and
Aloe vera gel (10% w/w) was prepared separately and stored in with 10 mL of distilled water. The tubes were incubated in a water
paper No. 1 and then dried in an oven at 50 °C to obtain green (1 mL) was mixed into 1 mL of 20% TCA containing 0.5% TBA,
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy MDA contents were expressed as nmol/g FW using 5% TCA as
homogenized in 10 mL of 3% sulfosalicylic acid and ﬁltered. The
in triplicate (n = 3) to ensure reproducibility. were examined for normality and homogeneity of variance through
fully expanded leaves at 50% of the ﬂowering stage under different dependent, where 2 mg/L Se-NPs had a signiﬁcantly higher effect
treatment conditions using the enthrone method, with 0.1 mg mL-1 than 1 mg/L. At 1 mg/L Se-NPs, signiﬁcant improvement was
Effect of the co application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh
weight, leaf area, and number of leaves of spinach grown in chromium-contaminated soil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different
recorded in shoot and root elongation, biomass accumulation, leaf accumulation under Cr stress conditions (Figure 2). At 0.5 mg/L Se-
of Cr induced stress. This effect was more prominent at 2 mg/L phyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids indicating partial repair of
suggesting that nutrient uptake and overall physiological perfor- became more prominent at 2 mg/L where signiﬁcant improvements
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total
chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents of spinach grown in chromium-contaminated soil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters
performance under Cr stress. At 2 mg/L Se-NPs, signiﬁcant The co-application of Aloe vera gel and Se-NPs showed an increase
enhanced stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and overall stress parameters recorded at 2 mg/L Se-NPs. This synergistic
concentrations but was more prominent at 2 mg/L Se-NPs where
observed at 0.5 mg/L Se-NPs, which can be seen as the partial
observed under Cr stress, as indicated by higher electrolyte leakage, further enhanced at 2 mg/L Se-NPs, especially for APX and CAT,
MDA and H2O2 were noted at 1 mg/L Se-NPs, suggesting partial oxidative stress.
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on transpiration rate, photosynthetic
rate, water use efﬁciency, and stomatal conductance of spinach grown in chromium-contaminated soil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte
leakage (EL), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents of spinach grown in chromium-contaminated soil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on superoxide dismutase (SOD),
as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters indicate statistically signiﬁcant differences among treatments at p < 0.05.
1 mg/L of Se-NPs, which would indicate a partial restoration of accumulation of primary metabolites was recorded at 2 mg/L Se-
physiological functions. This effect increased with 2 mg/L Se-NPs, NPs. This synergistic effect suggests that Aloe vera gel might
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on soluble protein, soluble sugar,
proline, and free amino acid contents of spinach grown in chromium-contaminated soil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters
moderate reduction in root Cr content was observed at 0.5 mg/L cluster, reﬂecting a coordinated defense response. Growth related
Se-NPs while a signiﬁcant decrease occurred at 2 mg/L Se-NPs, and attributes including leaf area, shoot length, and fresh weights were
a high dose of Se-NPs (2 mg/L) suggesting a dose-dependent effect clustered together, reﬂecting their interrelated contribution to plant
sured at 2 mg/L Se-NPs together with Aloe vera gel. These results intensities for stress markers (e.g., MDA, RL) under severe condi-
association. Strong positive correlations were observed among (PC1) explained 96.2% of the total variance, showing the existence
malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were nega- The second component (PC2) only explained 1.8% of variance and
Effect of the combined application of Aloe vera gel and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs; 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm) on chromium (Cr) accumulation in

Methods (brief)

Fresh leaves of Aloe vera were cut and washed to remove dirt while dry weights were measured after oven-drying the samples at
Random soil samples were collected from the study site at a
with ﬁve seedlings per pot, and each pot serving as an independent samples were autoclaved for 20 min at 121 °C. After cooling at
The H2O2 contents were recorded in leaf samples 0.25 g, which were reported as milligrams of glucose per gram of fresh weight (mg
15 min) and cooling, 0.5 mL of supernatant was mixed into 0.5 mL Total free amino acids (AA) were determined in leaf samples
of phosphate buffer (pH 7) and 1 mL KCl (1 M). Then, absorbance collected at 50% of ﬂowering stage under different treatment
Samples of freshly expanded spinach leaves (1.0 g) were ﬁltrate (2 mL) was mixed with 2 mL of acid ninhydrin, and glacial
supernatant was collected and used for all further enzymatic assays. 2.5 Chromium accumulation and
(1992), while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was recorded Spinach shoots samples were digested by using a diacid mixture
were recorded according to the procedure given by Aebi (1974), the Cr uptake in root and shoot samples, an atomic absorption
the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 method. Leaf samples (0.1 g) 0.05) were considered statistically signiﬁcant. Correlation analysis,
and low values in pale colors. Dendrograms illustrate the clustering of both traits and samples, revealing patterns of similarity and the relationships

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised