The ICP-MS Study on the Release of Toxic Trace Elements from

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

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Jiří Nekvapil 1 , Karolína Vilišová 1 , Zdeněk Petřík 2 , Erkan Yalçin 3 , Miroslav Fišera 1 , Robert Gál 4 ,
Richardos Nikolaos Salek 4 , Martina Mrázková 1 , Martina Bučková 1 and Daniela Sumczynski 1, *
1 Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín,
2 Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, nám. Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic; petrik.zdenek@gmail.com
3 Department of Food Engineering, Bolu Abant Ízzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, 140 30 Bolu, Turkey;
4 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669,
760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; gal@utb.cz (R.G.); rsalek@utb.cz (R.N.S.)
digestibility value was measured with banana flour (92.6%), while grape seed flour was
the least digestible, only 44%. The most abundant element was Al, followed by Ni, which
amounts of Cd than those measured in other flours. When consuming a 100 g portion of
non-cereal flours, a consumer weighing 60 kg is exposed to the highest dietary exposures
contributor to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) value of Al (16%); in addition,
value of Hg, ranging from 15 to 22%, were determined. Furthermore, the contributions of
Salek, R.N.; Mrázková, M.; Bučková, of Cd were also recognized as significant (specifically, 26 and 49%, respectively). The
on the Release of Toxic Trace Elements Ni were estimated between 19 and 57%. The margin of exposure values for developmental
Pollution Index Evaluation. Foods 2025,
foods14081350 banana flour. The retention factor, which was above 50% for Hg in the grape seed flour,
and plastic and metallic industries (1). Toxic trace elements involve both non-metals, such
undesirable effects in living organisms when they exist in high concentrations (1). Large
blocking vital activity (1). These toxic trace elements were initially the focus of public
legislation and are now being monitored in foods (2). Plant-derived foods account for at
least 70% of Cd uptake in humans, and cereals are the primary source of Cd (3). Sarwar (4)
of human exposure to As (5). Al was detected at higher concentrations in the food waste
study of Kuppusamy (6); they indicated that plants are just exposed to Al when the soil
pH is lower than pH 5.5, and it was explained that this would be dangerous for plant
growth (6,7). Ag is released into the environment from industrial wastes and emissions and
of foods stored in unlacquered tin cans, and may account for 98% of the total ingested
Sn (8). Elementary Ni plays an essential role in the optimal growth of plants because of
increasing their nutritional value (9) but also can be potentially a source of toxic substances.
health or may exceed environmental permissible limits (6,9). The peels, seeds, rinds, skin,
pulp, or pomace of foods mainly accumulate toxic elements (6). The food industry also
foods (10). Banana peel flour, pumpkin seed flour, and grape seed flour are significant food
The banana peel waste from industrial processes represents approximately 35–40%
of fresh bananas, and about 40 million tons of peel are produced yearly (11,12). Banana
elements (Cu, Mn, B), and vitamin C (13–15). Banana peels contained the following ranges
of chemical compounds: 11.9–25.2% ash, 2.41–15.1% protein, 1.76–10.2% fat, 11.1–14.4%
dietary fiber, and 25.9–57.1% carbohydrate. Flour is known to treat intestinal lesions, reduce
sion, and diabetes, and acts as a source of polyphenolic antioxidants (12,14). Incorporating
attention due to its potential to enhance flavor, texture, and nutritional value (13).
concentrations of Zn, Mn, and Cu (16,17). The average crude protein, dietary fiber, crude
rosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure (18). Seeds are also used as a part of functional

Methods (brief)

The ICP-MS Study on the Release of Toxic Trace Elements from
the Non-Cereal Flour Matrixes After In Vitro Digestion and
cereal flours was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and
the release of elements from the flour matrixes after in vitro digestion was investigated.
M.; Sumczynski, D. The ICP-MS Study contributions of milk thistle, flax seed, and pumpkin seed flour to tolerable daily intake for
After In Vitro Digestion and Metal
considered safe. During the digestion process, the toxic elements that were the most
ICP-MS; toxic trace element; metal pollution index; in vitro digestibility
native and undigested portions of these food waste and food ingredients using the ICP-
MS method. A two-stage simulation of the digestion process in the stomach and small
and Darmstadt, Germany). ICP-MS 8-standards (Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Ag),
ICP-MS 7-standards (Cr, Fe, As, Se, Cd, Hg, and Pb), and ICP-MS internal Rh standard
2.2. Sample Collection
Czech Republic). The samples were collected in 2023 with an expiration date of 2024. They
The gastric and intestinal phases as part of the in vitro digestion process were per-
Foods 2025, 14, 1350 terminated by drying the samples at 105 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, the solid undigested5 of 28
The sample was subjected to hydrolysis with pepsin and then to a mixture of pancreatic
and, digestion and to

Implications

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Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised