Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to

Overview

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Key numbers

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was to assess the risk of its ingestion, assuming that it constitutes 67.7%, 72.7%, or 90% of tAs. In all
about 48 million hectares of rice. Rice occupies 11% of the global cultivated area (Asia
24%) (1,2). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large portion of
distributed under the terms and mean rice consumption per person stands at 67.5 kg as of 2023. This translates into a daily
around 0.40–0.65 kg per person per week (6). Asia accounts for 90% of global rice con-
Numerous investigations have shown that more than 90% of the arsenic in rice grains in
n = 30 RbK Italy NFa Thailand
of 0.250 ± 0.001 g, and then 6 mL of EMSURE® , 65% nitric acid was added. In addition,
of 12 samples. The operating parameters of the mineralizer are listed in Table 2. After
Table 2. Operating parameters of the MDS 2000 microwave furnace.
blanks (reagent samples; 6 mL of 65% HNO3 ) and an analysis of Certified Reference
adequate precision and satisfactory repeatability (26). Recovery was 103%. The limit of
detection (LOD) was 0.3 ug kg−1 , calculated based on three times the standard deviation
(LOD = 3 × SD) of As results from 10 independent measurements of blank samples.
ter (ICP-AES Jobin Yvon, France), operating under the conditions shown in Table 3. The
Table 3. HG-ICP–AES operating conditions.
form has been found to represent about 70% of total arsenic (tAs) in rice but rarely exceed
85% (28). Similar iAs levels (75.2–90.1%) have been noted previously in rice products (29),
although the literature indicates the share of total As to vary considerably (22.4–97.7%)
with a mean value of 72.7% (Table A1, Appendix A). Elsewhere, the mean proportion of
iAs is 67.7% of tAs (25), while FDA and other studies indicate that the share of iAs is up to
90% of tAs (20,30).
the exposure level that could be associated with a 5% increase relative to the background
to calculate the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) (5) (31). The range of acceptable risk of expo-
health related to the intake of inorganic arsenic from rice and rice products (Table 4). The
first two scenarios assumed a consumption rate of 5.4 g d−1 , together with the mean
Table 4. Consumer exposure scenarios for iAs intake from rice and rice products.
Scenario (g Day−1 ) Mean Maximum of iAs
4—consumption rates three times the mean value in Poland.
The total arsenic (tAs) contents of the rice and rice-based products are shown in Table 5.
Depending on the product, tAs ranged from 69.5 to 227.8 µg kg−1 . The mean level of tAs
statistically significant (Table 5). Table 5 also gives the inorganic arsenic (iAs) levels, given
Table 5. Total and inorganic arsenic content in the tested rice and rice-based products.
Product iAs (µg kg−1 ) *, Mean ± SD (Min–Max)
67.7%, 72.7%, and 90%; a,b,c superscript letters indicate significant differences in As levels between product groups
Figure 1. Total arsenic in rice and rice products depending on producer (Mean ± SD). Legend:
subjected to four risk assessment scenarios (Table 4). Scenarios 1 and 3 were based on
the calculated mean iAs levels as proportions of tAs (i.e., 67.7%, 72.7%, and 90%) while
products (Table 4). In addition, scenarios 1 and 2 assumed the average daily consumption of
The results of scenario 1 are given in Table 6. Calculations for the remaining scenarios
(2–4) are presented in Appendix A (Tables A2–A4, Appendix A). All tables contain EDI
the individual tested product groups, based on scenario 1 (EDI 1), is presented in Table 7.

Methods (brief)

emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-OES). Because an inorganic form of As (iAs) is mutagenic and
(N)—and the remaining letters refer to the manufacturer; ** refers to the origin of rice; n—number of samples;
2.2.1. Sample Preparation
two blank samples and one reference sample (0.150 g) were also prepared for each series
of 12 samples. The operating parameters of the mineralizer are listed in Table 2. After
mineralization, the samples were filtered and quantitatively transferred with deionized
to polyethylene bottles, obtaining a total sample weight of 25.000 ± 0.150 g.
blanks (reagent samples; 6 mL of 65% HNO3 ) and an analysis of Certified Reference
detection (LOD) was 0.3 ug kg−1 , calculated based on three times the standard deviation
(LOD = 3 × SD) of As results from 10 independent measurements of blank samples.
The arsenic content was determined in previously prepared samples using the hydride
generation method. The measurement was carried out in a JY-24 sequential ICP spectrome-
ter (ICP-AES Jobin Yvon, France), operating under the conditions shown in Table 3. The
hydride generation system (Hg-ICP-AES) consisted of a hydride generation unit and a
Meinhard nebulizer for sample introduction to the cyclone spray chamber. A quartz plasma
used to simultaneously introduce the solutions of the tested samples and reagents, viz.
NaBH4 and HCl, into the hydride generator system. The gaseous sample containing As as
Table 3. HG-ICP–AES operating conditions.

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised