Bioactive compounds, antibiotics and heavy metals: effects on the intestinal

Overview

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Key numbers

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result was 798 hits. After the abstracts had been read, the disorder, and in a clinical form they cause up to 50% of
The mucus barrier of the gastrointestinal tract en- mortality rate reaching up to 100% in several days (Radi,
epithelium in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract ing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains of 30 or 60 mg/kg
results were obtained for rabbits which, after the use of (30 mg/kg) decreased the height of villi in the duodenum
day) and zinc (2000 ppm/day) showed the presence of has a positive effect on the inflammation of the large in-
pigs administered 2500 ppm of zinc oxide and/or a com- ribas et al., 2010). In the feces of weaned pigs receiving
mercial mix of benzoic acid and probiotics (Bacillus li- chitooligosaccharides with feed of 100 and 200 mg/kg an
In Table 2 are presented other selected prebiotics in- lase (Lückstädt and Mellor, 2011; Luise et al., 2020). To
Table 1. Influence of selected probiotics on the microbiome composition of monogastric animals
Bacillus, Lactobacillus, 1 to day 42 – 0.2% Bacillus, Lac- Bacteroidetes positively correlated Cecum Newborn Wang et al.
C. utilis in 0.85% saline; basal diet Verrucomicrobia piglets (2021)
saline; basal diet + 120 mg/kg YSE
0.85% saline
Table 2. Influence of selected prebiotics on the microbiome composition of monogastric animals
β-glucans Basal diet + 50 mg/kg addition of ↑ Bifidobacterium, ↑ Bacillus Feces Weaned Luo et al.
Oligofructose, probiotics, Basal diet + 0.2% oligofructose, ↑ numbers of coli forms, ↑ number of Colon, Suckling Shim et al.
synbiotics basal diet+0.3% probiotics or 0.5% bifidobacteria (oligofructose, probiot- ileum piglets (2005)
synbiotics; basal diet + 0.2% oligof- ics, synbiotics)
Similarly, weaned piglets fed diets containing 1 mg/kg oxygen levels, species and age of the animal and ade-
their offspring (Dobrowolski et al., 2021; Tomaszewska num of piglets fed with 0.9% and 1.8% solution of po-
Oral administration of benzoic acid (1 mg/kg) to receiving 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8% or 2.4% solution of formic
Oscillospira, Blautia and Turicibacter, and decreasing microbiota of pigs: at concentrations lower than 0.5% it
small doses of butyrate down-regulate the expression tion (0.8%) strongly suppressed the growth of bacteria.
Table 3. Influence of selected organic acids on the microbiome composition of monogastric animals
Benzoic acid 0%, 0.035%, 0.070% or 0.105% of sodium butyrate com- ↑ Oscillospira, ↑ Blautia, ↑ Turicibacter, ↓ Veillonella, ↓ Sarcina Feces Nursery pigs Wei et al. (2021)
bined with 0.5% benzoic acid (basal diet + 0.5% benzoic acid+0.035% sodium butyrate)
Fumaric acid Basal diet + 1, 2 or 3% fumaric acid ↓ concentration of bacteria in the digestive tract Ileum Young pigs Blank et al. (2001)
calcium lactate, capric, caprylic) + (40 ppm) or halquinol
Propionic acids Formic and propionic acids 0.5 to 1.5%; birds challenged ↓ Salmonella pullorum Cecum Layer chicks Al-Tarazi and Alshawab-
Benzoic acid Basal diet + 20 mg/kg flavomycin + 50 mg/kg quinocetone ↓ Streptococcus, ↓ Escherichia-Shigella, ↑ Lactobacillus Cecum Weaned piglets Wang et al. (2021)
AGP; basal diet + 50 mg/kg Macleaya cordata extract +
Administration of a 1.1% mix of organic acids: four weeks after weaning decreases the metabolic activ-
the fourth day post weaning and reduced the pH in In Table 3 are presented selected organic acids influ-
different levels of fumaric acid (1, 2 or 3%) included in trients and gut microbiota composition compared to the
body weight daily) and allicin (1.0 mg/kg body weight affect the height of villi in the duodenum, jejunum and
served for piglets receiving allicin. It was found that Ross 308 chicks that received 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg
the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a study on feeding der (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% or 1% added to feed) showed
50 or 100 mg/kg microencapsulated cinnamaldehyde to an increased diameter of the colon and width of the jeju-
bacillus spp., simultaneously suppressing the growth of et al. (2018) found that chlorogenic acid (1000 mg/kg)
(Johny et al., 2010). Mice receiving feed with cinnamon In Table 4 are presented selected bioactive herbal
Table 4. Influence of selected herbs and herbal active substances on the microbiome composition of monogastric animals
Chlorogenic acid Basal diet + 2% green tea powder; basal diet + 4% mulberry leaf ↑ pathogenic Gallibacterium Intestines Chickens Chen et al.

Methods (brief)

environment for a specific microbiome which, together with its metabolites and the products of digestion, create an environment, which
bacteria, mainly anaerobic having a beneficial effect on digestion and absorption of proteins (Leung et al., 2018;
products of digestion, create an environment, which in in the population size of Anaerobacter, Barnesiella,
of digestion and absorption and even diarrhoea. Garlic A study involving 480 Arbor Acres broiler chickens
al., 2018). In the process of digestion reactive oxygen metals action was limited. It was also demonstrated that
eugenol, carvacrol, and 10 ml sample of cecal contents to obtain a final concentration of 10, (2010)
to the control group (Rastad, 2020). Samples of the jeju- bacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus crispatus and Clostridium
num collected from broiler chickens receiving avilamy- (Choi et al., 2018). In another study young laying hens
structures essential to intestinal absorption and digestion an early stage of life can have long-lasting consequences
(NaAsO2) for periods of 2, 5 and 10 weeks (2015)
Arsenic Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) (10 ppm) in ↓ class Clostridia (in the phylum Feces Mice Lu et al.
Cadmium, Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2 – 15, 22, or 31 mg/ ↑ Proteobacteria, ↓ Firmicutes, Feces Rats Richardson et
to delve the interplay between selenium supplementation and gut Dela Cruz P.J.D., Dagaas C.T., Mangubat K.M.M., Angeles A.A.,
pression of gut barrier genes in broilers. Anim. Nutr., 4: 367–377. against Escherichia coli from massive sample pools with a combi-
are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter Uzal F.A., Freedman J.C., Shrestha A., Theoret J.R., Garcia J., Awad M.M.,

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised