Overview
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Key numbers
The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:
- proximately 4.65 million tons of the TDS (approximately 80% moisture perative to explore other appropriate disposal technologies for the safe
- Ash content (wt%) 51.21 ± 1.35a 63.57 ± 1.17b 68.40 ± 0.98bc 71.35 ± 0.71c 75.03 ± 1.26cd 78.65 ± 1.57d
- Lowercase letters after the numerical values show significant differences within each row of data (p < 0.05, n = 3).
- since heavy metal speciation largely determines heavy metal mobility, value and ultimate analyses of the oven-dry TDS are listed in Table 1.
- fraction of heavy metals to more stable forms (Devi and Saroha, 2014; carbonization experimental apparatus included a high-pressure gas
- (especially at 600 °C). Our previous study also indicated that heavy tube, which was purged with argon gas of 99.99% purity for 60 min to
- ples were obtained using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectro- Cn are the potential mobile fractions (F1 + F2 + F3) and the stable frac-
- spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 at a resolution of order of Zn (1), Cu (5), Cr (2), Ni (6), Cd = 30, and Mn (1) (Hakanson,
- 2.4. Analysis of heavy metals listed in Table S1. The concentrations of the BCR fractions of heavy metals
- to 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes and sequentially extracted by expressed as only the mean values ± SD (standard deviation). The
- droxylamine (0.1 M, pH 2.0) for 16 h at 25 °C; F3, oxidizable fraction: means were separated using the protected least significant difference
- volume (50 ml) with HNO3 (2%) before analysis. The untreated samples The characterization of the TDS and its biochars produced at dif-
- centrated acid (HNO3:HClO4:HF = 5:5:2, v/v) by using the microwave mate analysis, and specific surface area, are summarized in Table 1. As
- diluted for concentration analysis. The heavy metals concentrations in char yield significantly declined from 80.85% to 60.96% due to the
- (ICP-MS) (Agilent Technologies, 7500CX, Santa Clara, CA). TDS (51.21 wt%), the ash content in the biochars clearly increased as
- biochar yield (%), TDSX is the total heavy metal concentration in the 2011; Zheng et al., 2013), resulting in the pH value of the biochar
- glacial acetic acid solution (pH: 2.88, liquid/solid ratio, 20:1). The pyrolysis at higher temperatures (Table 1). The main reason for this
- separated by centrifugation, and then digested with H2O2/HNO3 and maining C, H, N and O were only 12.28 wt%, 0.42 wt%, 0.12 wt%, and
- filtered through 0.22-μm membrane filters for heavy metals analysis. 1.92 wt% in the BC-700, respectively. However, the S content of the
- spectively (see Table 1), suggesting that the surface area in the biochars 1417–1420 cm−1 corresponding to aliphatic chains, including CH3 and
- 2013). The band at 2360 cm−1 in BC-500, BC-600 and BC-700 might be and its biochar were listed in Table 2. It was noted that the heavy metal
- Lowercase letters after the numerical values show significant differences within each column of data (p < 0.05, n = 3).
- 2014; Jin et al., 2016). Compared with the threshold values for sludge (Table 2). For Cd, the portion distributed in the biochars started to
- lower than those in the national standard, except for the total contents especially for the fraction of Cd distributed in BC-700 (12.92%). It can
- of Zn, which far exceeded the threshold values. The heavy metals were also be seen from Table 2 that the total content of Cd in the biochar
- perature range (Devi and Saroha, 2014). Fig. 2 showed that the residual perature continuously increased up to 600 °C. A similar observation was
- rates of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Mn in the biochars were over 91.19%, made by other researchers (Chen et al., 2014; Devi and Saroha, 2014;
- 97.49%, 91.81%, 94.82%, and 93.96%, respectively, which suggested Kistler et al., 1987). This is because the Cd existed mainly as a carbo-
- 3.3.2. Speciation of heavy metals in the TDS and its biochar are shown in Table S2. It can be seen clearly that the sum of each
- mainly depend on the heavy metals chemical speciation (Chen et al., centration with satisfactory recoveries (92.7–105.7%), indicating that
- and the F4 fraction is recognized as a stable nontoxic fraction (Devi and
- unstable fraction (F1 + F2) into the more stable F4 fractions (Li et al.,
- (59.54%, 45.03%, and 63.73% for Cu, Cr, and Ni, respectively) and F4
- (28.70%, 54.97%, and 17.91% for Cu, Cr, and Ni, respectively) in the
- pyrolysis process. Table S3 showed that the amounts of heavy metals
- higher temperature was suitable technique for safely treating TDS. sludges. Water Res. 132, 260–269.
- more stable fractions, causing significant reduction in bio-available and Legros, S., Levard, C., Marcato-Romain, C.E., Guiresse, M., Doelsch, E., 2017. Anaerobic
Methods (brief)
- (Devi and Saroha, 2014; Liu et al., 2018, 2017). Although it is essential ments, the wet TDS sample was dried for 24 h at 105 °C in a drying oven to
- during the pyrolysis process, with a few studies concentrating on the periments were replicated in triplicate, and the replicate samples ob-
- The TDS had a lower content of Pb but higher contents of Cr and Ni mixed samples were stored in desiccators for further use.
- Germany). The BET surface areas of the samples were determined using RI = Er (4)
- meter (NicoletiS10, ThermoFisher, USA). The oven-dried sample was tion (F4) of the heavy metals, respectively; Er is the potential ecological
- (Chen et al., 2014). Briefly, 0.50 g of the oven-dried samples was added All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the results were
- volume (50 ml) with HNO3 (2%) before analysis. The untreated samples The characterization of the TDS and its biochars produced at dif-
- digestion instrument. Each of the digestion solutions was filtered and the pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to 700 °C, the TDS bio-
- the untreated samples, extracted liquids, and extracted solid residues decomposition of organic substances in the TDS during the pyrolysis
- were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry process (Agrafioti et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2015). Compared with the
- (ICP-MS) (Agilent Technologies, 7500CX, Santa Clara, CA). TDS (51.21 wt%), the ash content in the biochars clearly increased as
- that the large amounts of hydroxyl groups in the TDS were decomposed halogen stretching vibrations in samples (Hossain et al., 2011; Huang
- Total concentrations of heavy metals in samples and their threshold values for the disposal standards of China.
- Samples Heavy metals (mg kg−1)
- heavy metals in samples. In BCR extraction, the bio-availability and exact and reliable.
- digestion procedure. The recovery rates of the modified BCR procedure
- ciency removal of lead from wastewater by biochar derived from anaerobic digestion
- leaching potential of the heavy metals in the biochar. The environ- digestion alters copper and zinc speciation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (18),
Implications
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Update history
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