Summary
This in vitro study evaluated the protective effects of six toothpaste formulations (fluoride, clove, propolis, fluoride+nano-hydroxyapatite, nano-hydroxyapatite, and CPP-ACP) on dentin surfaces exposed to erosive acid challenges (0.01 M hydrochloric acid, pH 1.5) in a repeated erosion-brushing-remineralisation cycle. Surface roughness and microhardness were measured at baseline, post-demineralisation, and post-remineralisation using a contact profilometer and Vickers hardness tester. The study does not measure heavy-metal contamination in toothpastes. All groups showed increased surface roughness after demineralisation; only the clove-containing toothpaste group showed a significant reduction in roughness after remineralisation (p < 0.05). This source has no primary metals occurrence data relevant to the Toothpaste (Cat 2) page’s contamination profile.
Evidence Fitness
Context only. This source contains no heavy-metal concentration data. It evaluates toothpaste formulation effects on dentin erosion protection, not heavy-metal content. It does not contribute to the metals evidence tables on Toothpaste (Cat 2).
Methods (brief)
96 dentin specimens prepared from 48 human molars, randomly assigned to six formulation groups (n=16 each). Erosive challenge: 0.01 M HCl pH 1.5 for 30 seconds, three times daily over 3 days. Toothpaste applied at 1:3 paste-to-distilled-water ratio using an electric toothbrush (Braun Oral-B Advance Power) for 1 minute after each acid exposure. Surface roughness (Ra, micrometres) and microhardness (Vickers HV) measured at three time points (T0 baseline, T1 post-demineralisation, T2 post-remineralisation). Statistical analysis: two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA; paired t-test with Bonferroni correction.
Implications
- Certification: No contribution to metals occurrence data or threshold work.
- Courses: Useful context in a module on remineralising and herbal toothpaste formulations (clove, nano-HAp, CPP-ACP), but not metals-relevant.
- App: Not applicable.
Related evidence
None — this source does not carry metals data applicable to any wiki metals or ingredient page.
Update history
No substantive edit history is available in this build. The full commit record is available in git.