Heavy metals in Kidney beans

Quick read

Kidney beans in the HMI library has 117 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2017Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Yu S, Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentFoodsRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel and chromium and others, in 117 results from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the kidney beans was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Kidney beans overview

Kidney beans in the HMI library has 117 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo from 8 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2017Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Yu S, Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentFoodsRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in kidney beans, as sold from 232 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 0.599 to 3.1 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, kidney beans, canned had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

aluminum (Al) 2010 reported lead at 55 µg/kg (mean ± 31 SD) in kidney beans, as sold from Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 2009.^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →} authors 2017 reported cadmium at 70 µg/kg (mean ± 60 SD) and total arsenic at 60 µg/kg (mean ± 30 SD) in kidney beans, as sold from open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.^{5Unknown authors · 2017Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the kidney beans came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as kidney beans

This page covers kidney beans in 3 forms kept separate in every comparison: kidney beans, as sold (88 results), kidney beans, dried (18 results) and kidney beans, canned (11 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2017Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Yu S, Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentFoodsRead source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of kidney beans

The table holds every extracted kidney beans result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 117 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2017Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Yu S, Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentFoodsRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

1 row can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 2 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 5 values from 1 source failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{6Yu S, Pan XD, Han JL · 2023Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentFoodsRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of kidney beans, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Kidney beans findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

14 findings · 4 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2009–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2010–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2015	median.
Kidney beans, as soldAl 2010	Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009	mean.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 200 µg/kg (minimum); 2,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 1,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 183 µg/kg (maximum); 183 µg/kg (percentile)
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	percentile.
4 findings · 3 studies
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, cannedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	not detected.
Kidney beans, cannedAl 2010	Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009	mean.
Kidney beans, cannedAl 2010	Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009	mean.

8 findings · 3 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 400 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 300 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 160 µg/kg (maximum); 160 µg/kg (percentile)
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	percentile.
2 findings · 2 studies
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, cannedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	not detected.

4 findings · 2 studies
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2023As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 18 µg/kg (maximum); 18 µg/kg (percentile)
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	percentile.
1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 19.4 µg/kg (maximum); 19.4 µg/kg (percentile)
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	percentile.
1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

4 findings · 3 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldX-D et al. 2016	species mean, Zhejiang Province, China2014As sold / fresh	mean.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 3,000 µg/kg (minimum); 9,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 7,000 µg/kg (minimum); 14,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 2 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 2,000 µg/kg (minimum); 5,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 1,000 µg/kg (minimum); 2,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 1,600 µg/kg (maximum); 1,600 µg/kg (percentile)
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Kidney beans, driedYu et al. 2023	all samples of this bean type, 11 Zhejiang monitoring areasCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	percentile.
1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Kidney beans, cannedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 1,000 µg/kg (minimum); 2,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 1,000 µg/kg (minimum); 2,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.

2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 7,000 µg/kg (minimum); 13,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 7,000 µg/kg (minimum); 11,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.

2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 183,000 µg/kg (minimum); 1,230,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 118,000 µg/kg (minimum); 165,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.

2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 138,000 µg/kg (minimum); 228,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 25,000 µg/kg (minimum); 38,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.

3 findings · 2 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 20,000 µg/kg (minimum); 33,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 21,000 µg/kg (minimum); 29,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2017	open markets, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2016–2017Basis not stated	mean.

2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	mean.Same samples: 7,000 µg/kg (minimum); 20,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	leaves, all six soil-sludge treatments pooled (0-50 g/kg)2018	max.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	mean.Same samples: 12,000 µg/kg (minimum); 17,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	min.
Kidney beans, as soldauthors 2020	pods from pots with 10 and 20 g/kg sludge only2018	max.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, as sold. Kidney beans, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2.2	0.9–22.5 (bounded)	3.1–40 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤2.2	0.9–40 (bounded)	3.1–40 (bounded)

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, as sold on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-6bb3b15e1a01:8dac5ff2bda2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, as sold, dry weight. Kidney beans, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤5.08	2.58–7.58 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤5.15	5.15–10 (bounded)

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, as sold on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-560bf750d106:3f284122c9aa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, dried

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, dried. Kidney beans, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	27.4	27.4	27.4
Alternative weighting	27.4	27.4	27.4

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Yu et al. 2023	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Yu et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, dried on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Yu et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-650d1c02e007:e3378a34ea94

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Pb reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-8283f057e30a:b57e0ed1285a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, as sold. Kidney beans, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤7.5	≤10	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤7.5	≤10

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, as sold on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-4fcb5fea82cb:1403ce40b995

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, dried

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, dried. Kidney beans, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	16.5	16.5	16.5
Alternative weighting	16.5	16.5	16.5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Yu et al. 2023	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Yu et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, dried on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Yu et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-1869a2ddd516:bf4ee98e909b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Cd reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-04aca97778d7:0fe350cf36e6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans tAs reference · Kidney beans, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans tAs reference · Kidney beans, as sold. Kidney beans, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤27	≤30
Alternative weighting	≤12.5	≤28.5	≤30

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, as sold on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-86786706d71b:11a7d3f97959

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans tAs reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans tAs reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤3	≤3
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤3	≤3

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, canned on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-a4992dbef55e:aa714672171b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans tHg reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans tHg reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, canned on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-43d48bb4a963:d5891f999929

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Ni reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Ni reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	120	210	220
Alternative weighting	120	210	220

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, canned on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-3b71ed0bed48:d44aec11b7a1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Cr reference · Kidney beans, dried

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Cr reference · Kidney beans, dried. Kidney beans, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	132	132	132
Alternative weighting	132	132	132

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Yu et al. 2023	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Yu et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, dried on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Yu et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-440f5a1f748c:bbf26b3c2ae7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans Cr reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans Cr reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, canned on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-0c1e260f2953:d717ce2f04ac

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI kidney beans U reference · Kidney beans, canned

Reference and scope

HMI kidney beans U reference · Kidney beans, canned. Kidney beans, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for kidney beans, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for kidney beans, canned on this basis in the completed kidney beans ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:kidney-beans-d73b837ab8ee:d1ecbccda2cd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach kidney beans

No study in the library compared kidney beans from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in kidney beans, canned pools 4 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of below 4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and below 4 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{7Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For lead in kidney beans, as sold, the reference median was between 0.9 and 22.5 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 2.2 to between 3.1 and 40 µg/kg across 10 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For lead in kidney beans, as sold, the reference median was below 5.08 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 5 to between 2.58 and 7.58 µg/kg across 4 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, kidney beans, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (0.599 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (3.1 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed kidney beans in the same study and group. Kidney beans, canned (Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 2009) had lead lower at 47 µg/kg, against 55 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (kidney beans, as sold).^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for kidney beans

No control for metals in kidney beans was measured in the library; lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable step.

No study in this library has yet measured a way to lower heavy metals in kidney beans; the results above show the levels measured, and lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable check.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing kidney beans for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.04 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 45 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 10 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 3 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 60 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying kidney beans

No maximum level for metals in kidney beans was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from kidney beans

No source in the library converted kidney beans concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names kidney beans was decided on its content: 8 occurrence extracted, 8 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Kidney beans FAQs

What heavy metals are found in kidney beans?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo in kidney beans, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2020Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in kidney beans, as sold from 232 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 0.599 to 3.1 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in kidney beans?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, kidney beans, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (0.599 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (3.1 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Does processing change heavy metals in kidney beans?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same kidney beans.^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →} Kidney beans, canned (Legume, Riyadh city markets, May 2009) had lead lower at 47 µg/kg, against 55 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (kidney beans, as sold).^{3Al Othman ZA · 2010Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeMolecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily IntakeAl Othman ZA · Molecules 2010, 15, 7482-7497 · 2010 · doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107482Peer-reviewed
Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using aUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2020 · doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1805_70217039Peer-reviewed
Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metalsUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2017 · doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0764-xPeer-reviewed
Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk AssessmentYu S, Pan XD, and Han JL · Foods · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/foods12173300Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed

Sources

Browse Kidney beans Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every kidney beans record in the library: 8 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Graph View

1

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exports

2

FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results

3

Lead Contamination in Selected Foods from Riyadh City Market and Estimation of the Daily Intake

4

Eid et al.: Evaluating the uptake of ten heavy metals by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a soil-sludge mixture using a

5

Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metals

6

Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment

Food and Drug Administration

7

Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020