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Heavy metals in Coconut water

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic and total mercury in coconut water: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Coconut water in the HMI library has 178 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co and Cu from 5 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Ahmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, Morshed S · 2024Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshHealth Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10Read source →4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source →5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →

Coconut water overview

Coconut water in the HMI library has 178 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co and Cu from 5 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Ahmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, Morshed S · 2024Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshHealth Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10Read source →4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source →5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source → In the US Total Diet Study, coconut water, as sold had a median lead result below 1 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported cadmium in coconut water, juice from 17 results in 1 reporting region, with subgroup medians below 0.3 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the coconut water came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as coconut water

This page covers coconut water in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: coconut water, as sold (137 results) and coconut water, juice (41 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Ahmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, Morshed S · 2024Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshHealth Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10Read source →4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source →5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of coconut water

The table holds every extracted coconut water result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 178 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Ahmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, Morshed S · 2024Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshHealth Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10Read source →4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source →5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

13 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 0 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 1 value from 1 source failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of coconut water, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Coconut water findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
23 findings · 3 studies
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024average of six sea beach districtsCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bagerhat sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bhola sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Chattogram sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Cox's Bazar sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Khulna sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Noakhali sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
40 findings · 1 study
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20122005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20142005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20152005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20162005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20172005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018sample value.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
Coconut water, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018FY20182005–2018not detected.
23 findings · 3 studies
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024average of six sea beach districtsCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bagerhat sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bhola sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Chattogram sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Cox's Bazar sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Khulna sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Noakhali sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coconut water, juiceWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2019median.
4 findings · 3 studies
Coconut water, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2019–2021median.
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022all samplesCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala, one sampleCollection date unreportedsample value.
3 findings · 2 studies
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022all samplesCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022all samplesCollection date unreportednot detected.
8 findings · 2 studies
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024average of six sea beach districtsCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bagerhat sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bhola sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Chattogram sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Cox's Bazar sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Khulna sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Noakhali sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
23 findings · 3 studies
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024average of six sea beach districtsCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bagerhat sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bhola sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Chattogram sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Cox's Bazar sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Khulna sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Noakhali sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
15 findings · 1 study
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Coconut water, as soldFDA Total Diet Study1 collection regions2018–2020median.
15 findings · 1 study
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedsample value.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
22 findings · 2 studies
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024average of six sea beach districtsCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bagerhat sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Bhola sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Chattogram sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Cox's Bazar sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Khulna sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldAhmad et al. 2024Noakhali sea beach areaCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Andhra Pradesh (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Kerala (6 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ACollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand CCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand DCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ECollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand FCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand GCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand HCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand ICollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand JCollection date unreportednot detected.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand KCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022packaged coconut water brand LCollection date unreportedmean.
Coconut water, as soldJonnalagadda et al. 2022Tamil Nadu (5 varieties), farm-collectedCollection date unreportedmean.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI coconut water Pb reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Pb reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤1≤1
Alternative weighting≤1≤1≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-991375397354:70d98872672a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water Pb reference · Coconut water, juice

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Pb reference · Coconut water, juice. Coconut water, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference0.20.20.8
Alternative weighting0.20.32

13 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 201813100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, juice on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-77036c84a5bf:a31610f6adac

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water Cd reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Cd reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤1≤1
Alternative weighting≤1≤1≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-e47bfe6f4472:c194a4795910

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water Cd reference · Coconut water, juice

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Cd reference · Coconut water, juice. Coconut water, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.3≤0.3≤0.3
Alternative weighting≤0.3≤0.3≤0.3

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, juice on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-0901c370f8c4:a7e22ad6e67a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water tAs reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water tAs reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤2.05≤4.13
Alternative weighting≤1≤2.05≤4.13

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food250%
FDA Total Diet Study350%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-13181dbb1c14:0fdcc4400666

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water tHg reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water tHg reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤1≤1
Alternative weighting≤1≤1≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-e9022f7db09d:261b25c1bf52

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water Ni reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Ni reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference89120130
Alternative weighting89120130

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-991cc85af17c:3f58d0866955

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water Cr reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water Cr reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤25≤25≤25
Alternative weighting≤25≤25≤25

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-991ed51ab3ff:960b591effe4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI coconut water U reference · Coconut water, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI coconut water U reference · Coconut water, as sold. Coconut water, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤1≤1
Alternative weighting≤1≤1≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for coconut water, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for coconut water, as sold on this basis in the completed coconut water ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:coconut-water-ecc6a0bf6247:7124f4cc8f85

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach coconut water

No study in the library compared coconut water from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in coconut water, juice pools 13 subgroup units from 1 sampling family, with a median of 0.2 µg/kg and a middle half spanning 0.2 (lower quartile) and 0.8 µg/kg (upper quartile).5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source → For total arsenic in coconut water, as sold, the reference median was below 2.05 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 4.13 µg/kg across 5 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →

In one study, lead across 13 groups of coconut water ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (FY2017) to 14.6 µg/kg (FY2018); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

No study in the library measured the same coconut water before and after washing, peeling, drying or cooking for metals, so no processing effect can be stated. Heat does not destroy metals; cooking or drying changes a concentration by moving water or metal, not by removing the element.

Mitigation for coconut water

No control for metals in coconut water was measured in the library; lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable step.

No study in this library has yet measured a way to lower heavy metals in coconut water; the results above show the levels measured, and lot testing against the applicable limit remains the verifiable check.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing coconut water for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.5 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 7.5 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying coconut water

No maximum level for metals in coconut water was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from coconut water

No source in the library converted coconut water concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names coconut water was decided on its content: 5 occurrence extracted, 5 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Coconut water FAQs

What heavy metals are found in coconut water?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co and Cu in coconut water, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Ahmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, Morshed S · 2024Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshHealth Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10Read source →4Jonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, Vanka J, Kodali V · 2022Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterCzech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022)Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported cadmium in coconut water, juice from 17 results in 1 reporting region, with subgroup medians below 0.3 µg/kg, mostly non-detects.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Which origins or products of coconut water measured lowest?

In one study, lead across 13 groups of coconut water ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (FY2017) to 14.6 µg/kg (FY2018); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.5U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
  3. Occurrence of Heavy Metal in Green Coconut Water and Surface Seawater of the Sea Beach Areas of BangladeshAhmad M, Junayed M, Badsha MR, Quader MFB, and Morshed S · Health Dynamics 2024; 1(1): 3-10 · 2024 · doi.org/10.33846/hd10102Peer-reviewed
  4. Assessment of chemical contaminants in fresh and packaged tender coconut (Cocos nucifera) waterJonnalagadda PR, Medithi S, Lari S, Chinthanuri K, Kasa YD, Nagaraju R, et al. · Czech Journal of Food Sciences 40(2): 154-162 (2022) · 2022 · doi.org/10.17221/200/2021-CJFSPeer-reviewed
  5. Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA analytical results table · 2018Dataset

Sources

Browse Coconut water Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every coconut water record in the library: 5 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Graph View