Naseri et al. 2015 — Total Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co in domestic-cultivated and imported polished rice from Shiraz (Iran) retail market with adult EWI/PTWI comparison by flame and graphite-furnace AAS

This Iranian market-basket survey quantifies total Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Co in polished rice purchased from retail stores in Shiraz (Fars Province) in 2013. The corpus comprises 10 market labels (3 domestic Iranian short-grain japonica from Fars-region cultivars/origins; 7 imported long-grain indica from India n=6 and Thailand n=1), with five ~250 g sub-samples per label drawn from 210 retail packs (15–20 kg each), giving n=50 analytical sub-samples. Samples were dry-ashed at 450 °C per AOAC official method 999.11 (Jorhem 2000) and quantified by flame and graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Shimadzu AA-680 and Shimadzu MUV-IA). Accuracy was anchored against NIST SRM 1568b rice flour (observed recoveries: Pb 87.5 %, Cd 90 %, Co 107 %; Cr and Ni were not validated against the CRM because SRM 1568b lacks certified values for these analytes per Table 2). Each sample was digested in triplicate; each digest analysed three times. All concentrations are reported on a dry-weight basis. Domestic-rice ranges (n=3 labels, 15 sub-samples): Cd 0.27–0.41 mg/kg, Pb 0.71–1.28, Cr 0.33–0.44, Ni 0.72–0.79, Co 0.13–0.41 mg/kg dry weight. Imported-rice ranges (n=7 labels, 35 sub-samples): Cd 0.29–0.48, Pb 0.76–2.00, Cr 0.36–0.55, Ni 0.65–0.90, Co 0.11–0.44 mg/kg dry weight. Both domestic and imported rice mean Cd and Pb values were above the FAO/WHO 2004 and Iranian national 2010 maximum limits cited by the authors (Cd 0.1 µg/g FAO/WHO, 0.06 µg/g Iran; Pb 0.2 µg/g FAO/WHO, 0.15 µg/g Iran). Estimated weekly intake (EWI) for an adult Iranian (60 kg body weight, 770 g/week rice consumption) was below the JECFA PTWI for Cd (7 µg/kg bw), Cr (23.3), and Ni (35) across all 10 labels but exceeded the JECFA PTWI for Pb (25 µg/kg bw) in two imported labels (Pb EWI 25.769 µg/kg bw/week, both labels). The paper concludes that approximately 65.9 % of the Iranian-adult daily Cd intake derives from rice given typical consumption, and recommends ongoing regulatory monitoring of both domestic and imported rice on the Shiraz market.

Key numbers

Table 1 — Rice categories included in the survey (page 19)

Each label was sampled at n=5 sub-samples of ~250 g; total n=50 analytical sub-samples from 210 retail packs.

Table 2 — SRM 1568b (NIST rice flour) recovery (page 19)

Each element analysed three times; means reported in observed column. The text §“Quality control procedures” (p. 7) summarises method accuracy as “within the 87.5 % confidence intervals of the stated reference values” — a phrasing that refers to the lowest recovery (Pb 87.5 %) rather than to a statistical confidence interval; see Verification notes. SRM 1568b does not carry certified values for Cr or Ni, so those two analytes were not CRM-anchored.

Table 3 — Rice heavy-metal contents by category aggregation (mg/kg dry weight; page 20)

Per Part 12 brand-firewall (strict reading 2026-05-17), per-label rows naming the 10 commercial market labels are not reproduced in the wiki page body. The label-resolved data is in the published paper (Table 3, p. 20). The category-level aggregation below preserves the contamination signal without naming labels:

All values mg/kg dry weight; ranges across label means (each label mean ± SD on n=5 sub-samples). Reported analytical precision: ±0.01–0.45 mg/kg SD across labels and analytes (see paper Table 3). Significant-difference groupings (Duncan post-hoc, p < 0.05) are reported in the paper but omitted from this wiki page since they require label-resolved disclosure.

Author-reported category and pooled means (text §3.1–§3.2, pp. 8–13)

• Domestic Cd: 0.27–0.47 mg/kg (text §3.1 reports 0.47 as the highest domestic mean; the corresponding Table 3 row rounds to 0.41 ± 0.02 — see Verification note on the text-vs-table 0.47/0.41 discrepancy). The highest-mean domestic label was a Fars-Province Iranian cultivar at 0.47 (text) / 0.41 (Table 3).
• Domestic Pb: 0.71–1.28 mg/kg, no significant difference between domestic labels.
• Domestic Cr: 0.33–0.44 mg/kg; all means above the European Union 2006 average-diet intake estimate (2.5 µg/kg bw/day from 150 µg/day total diet).
• Domestic Ni: 0.72–0.79 mg/kg, no significant difference between domestic labels; all means much higher than EU 2006 average-diet estimate (1.25 µg/kg bw/day from 75 µg/day).
• Domestic Co: 0.13–0.41 mg/kg, with a single domestic label at the 0.13 mg/kg low end and the other two domestic labels not significantly different from each other.
• Imported Cd: 0.29–0.48 mg/kg, mean of imported labels much higher than FAO/WHO and Iranian limits.
• Imported Pb: 0.76–2.00 mg/kg, with the highest mean at 2.00 mg/kg (an Indian-origin label). Far exceeds the FAO/WHO 0.2 µg/g and Iranian 0.15 µg/g limits.
• Imported Cr: 0.36–0.55 mg/kg, all means above the EU 2006 average-diet estimate.
• Imported Ni: 0.65–0.90 mg/kg, much higher than EU 2006 average-diet estimate; the text states 6 imported labels had higher Ni than the Thai-origin and one Indian-origin label.
• Imported Co: 0.11–0.44 mg/kg, no significant difference between most imported labels.

Table 4 — Estimated weekly intake (EWI, µg/kg body weight/week; page 21)

EWI for an Iranian-adult 60 kg body weight, 770 g rice consumption per week (110 g/day × 7).

N* = JECFA has not established a Co PTWI; the paper cites an MTDI of 100 µg/kg bw/day (= 700 µg/kg bw/week) for Co.

PTWI exceedances: Pb EWI exceeded the JECFA 25 µg/kg bw PTWI in two imported labels (both at 25.769 µg/kg bw/week, both Indian-origin). No exceedances of the JECFA PTWI for Cd, Cr, Ni, or Co at the reported consumption rate.

Regulatory comparator values cited

• FAO/WHO 2004 maximum levels (cited from §2.4 and Figures 1–2): Cd 0.1 µg/g (= 0.1 mg/kg); Pb 0.2 µg/g (= 0.2 mg/kg) in rice.
• Iranian national standard (ISIRI 12968:2010, Food and feed — maximum limit of heavy metals): Cd 0.06 µg/g; Pb 0.15 µg/g.
• EU 2006 average-diet Ni and Cr intake estimates (Commission Regulation EC No 1881/2006 context): Ni 75 µg/day ≈ 1.25 µg/kg bw/day; Cr 150 µg/day ≈ 2.5 µg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg adult.
• JECFA PTWI: Cd 7 µg/kg bw/week; Pb 25; Cr 23.3; Ni 35; Co — no PTWI (MTDI 100 µg/kg bw/day = 700 µg/kg bw/week cited in Table 4 footnote).

Cd-from-rice exposure burden (text §“Conclusion”, p. 16)

Per the paper: “approximately 65.9 % of the daily intake of cadmium comes from rice” for Iranian adults at the reported consumption rate. This is reported in the source text as a derived percentage; the underlying total-diet Cd intake reference value is not explicitly cited in the paper.

Methods (brief)

Study design. Single-year (2013) market-basket survey at retail stores in Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran. Ten market labels of polished rice (3 domestic Iranian short-grain japonica; 7 imported long-grain indica from India and Thailand); 210 retail packs (15–20 kg each) screened; five ~250 g sub-samples per label drawn for analysis (n=50 sub-samples total).

Sample preparation. Rice passed through a 50-mesh sieve (<0.30 mm), sealed in plastic boxes, stored at room temperature. Dry ashing per AOAC official method 999.11 (Jorhem 2000): drying at 105 °C for 48 h; ashing at 450 °C with gradual temperature increase (≤50 °C/h); addition of 6 M HCl (1+1); evaporation to dryness; residue dissolved in 0.1 M HNO₃.

Instrumentation. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Shimadzu AA-680, Kyoto, Japan) and graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (Shimadzu MUV-IA, Kyoto, Japan). Concentrations expressed in mg/kg dry weight.

Replication. Each sample digested in triplicate; each digest analysed three times.

Quality control. Reagent blanks; replicate samples; certified reference material NIST SRM 1568b (rice flour, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA). Observed recoveries: Pb 87.5 %, Cd 90 %, Co 107 % (Cr and Ni not certified on SRM 1568b). All chemicals and reagents from Merck (Germany); de-ionised water from Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University. Operations in Class II laminar-flow hood; plastic bottles cleaned in 8 % (v/v) HNO₃ for 48 h, rinsed three times with de-ionised water. Mean blank value deducted from readings; batch blanks used to validate batch acceptability per EN 13804.

Speciation. Total Cd, total Pb, total Cr, total Ni, total Co. No iAs or tAs (arsenic not on the panel); no MeHg or tHg (mercury not on the panel); no Cr-VI / Cr-III fractionation.

Exposure assessment. EWI = C_rice × wc_rice / body weight, where C_rice = mean rice concentration (mg/kg dry weight), wc_rice = weekly rice consumption per capita = 110 g/day × 7 = 770 g/week (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran 2010), body weight = 60 kg adult. Values expressed in µg/kg body weight/week. The paper applies the EWI formula directly to dry-weight rice concentrations without an explicit moisture correction; this somewhat overstates the as-consumed exposure if cooked-rice moisture (~65–70 %) is the operational basis.

Statistics. SPSS version 21 (Stanford, California, USA). One-way ANOVA across labels per metal; Duncan post-hoc means comparison at p < 0.05. One-sample t-test comparing each metal mean against the corresponding regulatory limit at p < 0.05.

Geographic / temporal context. Shiraz, Fars Province, southern Iran. Sampling year 2013. The paper notes the Rice Research Institute of Iran estimate of 40.15 kg per-capita per-year rice consumption (0.110 kg/day) and Iran’s import dependence following sanctions, with India, Pakistan, and Thailand identified as principal source countries for imports (the surveyed corpus drew only India and Thailand origins).

Implications

This source contributes Iranian market-rice occurrence data for five total metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co) with adult EWI/PTWI comparison. Principal contributions to the wiki evidence pool:

• Polished-rice Cd occurrence in an Iranian retail-market context (2013, Shiraz, n=50 sub-samples across 10 labels): category-pooled mean rice Cd 0.27–0.48 mg/kg dry weight. All 10 label means exceed the FAO/WHO 2004 maximum level of 0.1 mg/kg by 2.7× to 4.8× and the Iranian national 2010 limit of 0.06 mg/kg by 4.5× to 8.0×. Adds to the upper-tail Cd evidence for rice on the rice contamination_profile.
• Polished-rice Pb occurrence: category-pooled mean 0.71–2.00 mg/kg dry weight. All 10 label means exceed the FAO/WHO 2004 maximum level of 0.2 mg/kg (= 3.6× to 10× the limit) and the Iranian 0.15 mg/kg limit (= 4.7× to 13× the limit). Two imported labels deliver EWI Pb of 25.77 µg/kg bw/week, ≈ 1.03× the JECFA PTWI of 25 µg/kg bw/week. The highest single label Pb mean (2.00 mg/kg dry weight) is among the highest rice Pb values in the corpus.
• Polished-rice Cr occurrence: category-pooled mean 0.33–0.55 mg/kg dry weight. EWI Cr 4.325–6.891 µg/kg bw/week, all below the JECFA PTWI of 23.3 cited by the paper. Speciation absent; total Cr only (no Cr-VI / Cr-III fractionation).
• Polished-rice Ni occurrence: category-pooled mean 0.65–0.90 mg/kg dry weight. EWI Ni 9.32–11.62 µg/kg bw/week, all below the JECFA PTWI of 35; but all means exceed the EU 2006 average-diet Ni intake reference (≈ 1.25 µg/kg bw/day → 8.75 µg/kg bw/week) from rice alone, indicating rice as a non-trivial Ni dietary contributor in this corpus.
• Polished-rice Co occurrence: category-pooled mean 0.11–0.44 mg/kg dry weight. EWI Co 1.49–5.69 µg/kg bw/week, all well below the JECFA-cited MTDI-equivalent 700 µg/kg bw/week.
• Imported-vs-domestic gradient: Both categories show overlapping ranges for Cd, Cr, Ni, Co; imported Pb means trend higher (range 0.76–2.00) than domestic Pb means (range 0.71–1.28), driven by 3 of 7 imported labels with Pb means above 1.6 mg/kg. The two PTWI-exceeding labels were both Indian-origin imports.
• Iranian-adult Cd exposure attribution: the paper’s text §Conclusion derives 65.9 % of total-diet Cd intake as attributable to rice for Iranian adults at the reported 110 g/day consumption rate, which is a notable Cd-from-rice burden estimate for southern-Iran market-basket exposure modelling.
• Brand-and-cultivar firewall consideration: the original paper labels its 10 market entries with a mix of cultivar/region descriptors (3 domestic Iranian short-grain japonica from Fars Province) and commercial brand names (7 imported long-grain indica, 6 from India and 1 from Thailand). The paper itself uses the term “brands” for all 10 entries. Per Part 12 strict reading (2026-05-17), the wiki body does not reproduce per-label rows or per-label Pb/Cd PTWI exceedance attributions; the published paper retains the label-level disclosure.
• Methodological reference point: AOAC 999.11 dry-ashing + flame/GF-AAS with NIST SRM 1568b accuracy anchoring (Pb 87.5 %, Cd 90 %, Co 107 % recoveries; Cr/Ni unanchored on SRM 1568b). Triplicate digestion × triplicate analysis. Reagents from Merck. Adequate Tier B methodology for a small market-basket survey; lack of CRM accuracy validation for Cr and Ni, single-year sampling window, single-province scope, and adult-only single-cohort 60-kg exposure modelling limit standalone authority. Pools well with other Iranian market-rice surveys.

Downstream double-counting flag. This paper is one of the constituent primary studies in Jafari 2018 (jafari2018-iran-rice-meta in the wiki), which pools 10 Iranian rice studies (2010–2016) into a single occurrence summary. When this source feeds an rice contamination_profile synthesis, downstream pooling must treat Naseri 2015 and Jafari 2018 as overlapping evidence — not as two independent occurrence rows — or it will double-count this paper’s contribution.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• cadmium
• lead
• chromium
• nickel
• cobalt
• rice
• rice-bulk-grain
• codex-cadmium-mls
• jecfa-cadmium-ptmi
• jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn

Verification notes

• Cite-key choice. naseri2015-iran-shiraz-rice-metals follows the descriptive-suffix convention (first author, year, country, region/market, sampling scope). DOI is the canonical identity; cite-key is a human-readable handle. Filesystem handle MFK_naseri2015 preserved from the Manual Fetch Kimi June 1 batch.
• Evidence tier B. Peer-reviewed in Food Chemistry (Elsevier), accepted 18 Nov 2014 (in print 2015). Small sample (n=50 sub-samples across 10 labels), single province (Fars / Shiraz), single sampling year (2013), single-cohort 60-kg Iranian-adult exposure modelling, no CRM accuracy validation for Cr or Ni (SRM 1568b does not certify these analytes), and no arsenic or mercury panel. Adequate for an Iranian retail-rice baseline contribution; not sufficient for stand-alone A-tier characterisation.
• Brand firewall (Part 12, strict reading 2026-05-17). The paper labels its 10 market entries with a mix of cultivar/region descriptors and commercial brand names, and uses the term “brands” throughout. Per the strict reading, the wiki body does not reproduce per-label rows in Tables 3 and 4 of the published paper, and the verification notes describe the naming pattern without enumerating labels. Category-pooled aggregations (domestic n=3, imported n=7, and overall n=10) preserve the contamination signal — the central wiki claim is the range and the FAO/WHO / JECFA exceedance pattern, not a label ranking. The two Pb-PTWI-exceeding labels are described as Indian-origin imports without naming the brands. The highest-mean domestic Cd label is described as a Fars-Province Iranian cultivar without naming. Methods-section vendor names (Shimadzu AA-680, Shimadzu MUV-IA, NIST SRM 1568b, Merck reagents) retained per the 2026-05-17 scientific-vendor exception.
• Wiki/HMTc firewall (Part 2). No HMTc threshold proposals; no consumer-audience risk advisories beyond reporting the paper’s own EWI-vs-PTWI comparison. The paper’s recommendation that “certified agencies monitor and evaluate the heavy metal levels in domestic and imported rice regularly” is reported as the authors’ conclusion, not as a wiki-side regulatory recommendation. The 65.9 %-of-Cd-intake-from-rice figure is reported as the paper’s derived statement; no underlying total-diet reference is cited in the source, so this figure is best understood as a paper-specific exposure model rather than a generalisable Iranian dietary-attribution claim.
• Text-vs-Table-3 domestic Cd discrepancy (text §3.1 p. 8 vs Table 3 p. 20). The text states that the highest-mean domestic rice “presented the highest mean levels (0.47 mg·kg⁻¹) against 0.27 mg·kg⁻¹” in the lowest-mean domestic rice, while Table 3 reports the corresponding row means as 0.41 ± 0.02 (group A) and 0.27 ± 0.05 (group C). The 0.27 value matches. The 0.47-vs-0.41 text-vs-table discrepancy is unresolved in the source — possibly a typographical artifact in the accepted-manuscript version that may have been corrected at the publisher’s copy-edit stage. The wiki page uses the Table 3 value (0.41) as the canonical Table 3 figure but flags the text statement as a paper-internal inconsistency. The range 0.27–0.41 (Table 3) does not change the conclusion that domestic-mean Cd exceeds the FAO/WHO 0.1 mg/kg and Iranian 0.06 mg/kg limits.
• Text-vs-Table-3 imported Cr discrepancy (text §3.2 p. 14 vs Table 3 p. 20). The text states that three named imported rice samples had no significant difference (≥40 mg·kg⁻¹) and a fourth showed the highest Cr concentration at 55 mg·kg⁻¹. The values “40 mg·kg⁻¹” and “55 mg·kg⁻¹” in the text are 100× higher than the corresponding Table 3 values (~0.40 and 0.55 mg/kg). The text statement is best read as a typographic error in the accepted-manuscript version that intended “0.40” and “0.55” mg·kg⁻¹ — consistent with Table 3 — rather than 40 and 55 mg·kg⁻¹. The wiki page reports the Table 3 values as canonical.
• Text-vs-Table-3 imported Co range discrepancy (text §3.2 p. 15 vs Table 3 p. 20). The text states “The cobalt levels in imported rice sold on the Shiraz market ranged between 0.11–0.044 mg·kg⁻¹.” The range “0.11–0.044” is internally inconsistent (the lower bound exceeds the upper bound) and does not match Table 3 (imported Co range 0.11–0.44). The text figure “0.044” is a probable typographic artifact for “0.44”; the wiki page reports the Table 3 range 0.11–0.44 as canonical.
• Domestic-vs-imported number-of-labels Table 1 inconsistency. Text §2.1 (p. 6) states “A total of 3-7 different brands were collected within each major group” and “210 packed rice samples (weighing from 15 to 20 kg) were selected from markets around Shiraz. For each brand, five samples (for about 250 grams) were randomly selected.” Table 1 enumerates exactly 3 domestic labels and 7 imported labels, totalling 10 labels. The arithmetic 10 labels × 5 sub-samples = 50 analytical sub-samples; the 210 packed-sample figure refers to the retail packs from which the 50 sub-samples were drawn (i.e., the 50 sub-samples represent a stratified subset of the 210 retail packs). The wiki page reports sample_n: 50 (analytical sub-samples) with the 210-retail-packs context in sample_population.
• “Within 87.5 % confidence intervals” language in §2.3. The §2.3 phrasing “The accuracy of the laboratory result was within the 87.5 % confidence intervals of the stated reference values (Table 2)” is non-standard. The 87.5 % figure matches the Pb recovery percentage from Table 2 (observed 0.007 / certified 0.008 = 87.5 %); the language is best read as “the lowest recovery achieved was 87.5 % of the certified reference value” rather than as a statistical confidence interval. The wiki page reports the recoveries from Table 2 as the canonical accuracy summary (Pb 87.5 %, Cd 90 %, Co 107 %).
• SRM 1568b Cr and Ni gap. Table 2 shows Cr and Ni as blank (----- / ----) for both certified and observed columns. This is consistent with the actual NIST SRM 1568b certificate, which does not certify Cr or Ni at quantitative levels suitable for AAS validation. The wiki page notes this gap in the Methods (brief) section and again in Implications: Cr and Ni accuracy at this method’s detection range is not anchored against the CRM in this study.
• Frontmatter discipline. Ingredient and product slugs verified against the live wiki at 2026-06-01: ingredients/rice (page exists), products/rice-bulk-grain (page exists). All five metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co) have wiki pages. Matrices vocabulary: rice-grain (bare-string, precedent in moradi2015 and jafari2018). Jurisdictions: IR (Iran — sampling and primary exposure context), IN (India — origin of 6 imported labels), TH (Thailand — origin of 1 imported label).
• Speciation. Total Cd, total Pb, total Cr, total Ni, total Co. No As (iAs / tAs) panel; no Hg (MeHg / tHg) panel; no Cr-VI / Cr-III fractionation. Frontmatter metals: reflects this ([Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co]).
• Basis. All concentrations reported in mg/kg dry weight (explicit in §2.2 and Table 3 column header). EWI computation in §2.4 applies dry-weight concentrations directly to the 770 g/week wet-as-purchased consumption figure; no moisture correction is applied. Downstream pooling that compares this paper’s EWI to wet-basis EWI from other surveys should apply a moisture correction (typical milled-rice moisture ~12 %; cooked-rice moisture ~65–70 %).
• Sampling year. Stated as 2013 in §2.1: “Rice samples were collected from various brands (imported and domestic cultivated) available in retail stores of Shiraz, Iran in 2013.” Frontmatter sampling_year_range: "2013".
• Downstream double-counting flag. This paper is a constituent primary study of Jafari 2018 (DOI 10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.057), already ingested as jafari2018-iran-rice-meta. The Jafari 2018 Table 3 row for Cd/Pb in Iranian and imported rice pools this paper plus 9 other primaries (2010–2016). Synthesis passes on rice must treat Jafari 2018 as a meta-summary that already incorporates Naseri 2015 evidence, not as an independent occurrence row that adds to Naseri 2015.
• Regulatory citations. Authors cite: FAO/WHO 2004 maximum levels for Cd (0.1 µg/g) and Pb (0.2 µg/g) in rice; Iranian national 2010 limits (ISIRI 12968:2010) for Cd (0.06 µg/g) and Pb (0.15 µg/g); JECFA PTWI for Cd (7 µg/kg bw/week, 2004 sixty-first report WHO TRS 922), Pb (25), Cr (23.3), Ni (35); JECFA MTDI for Co (100 µg/kg bw/day = 700 µg/kg bw/week); EU 2006 Commission Regulation EC No 1881/2006 context for average-diet Ni and Cr intake estimates (75 µg/day Ni ≈ 1.25 µg/kg bw/day; 150 µg/day Cr ≈ 2.5 µg/kg bw/day). The EU 2006 regulation does not itself set rice Cr or Ni limits; the paper uses it for an average-diet intake reference only. JECFA’s Cd PTWI was subsequently converted to a PTMI (jecfa-cadmium-ptmi) and JECFA’s Pb PTWI was withdrawn in 2010 (jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn); the wikilinks in this page reflect the current canonical regulation slugs even though the paper cites the historical PTWI values that were in force at the time of its 2014 submission.
• Audit subagent (2026-06-01) findings applied. A fresh-context general-purpose audit subagent verified the page against the PDF and the taxonomy snapshot and returned five findings, all of which were verified correct against the source and applied: (1) Implications-section Cd multiplier error — the wiki had reported “2.7× to 8× and 4.5× to 13×” for FAO/WHO and Iranian Cd-limit exceedance; correct math from Cd range 0.27–0.48 vs 0.1 mg/kg (FAO/WHO) and 0.06 mg/kg (Iran) gives 2.7×–4.8× and 4.5×–8.0×; corrected. (2) Brand-firewall leak at the domestic Cd bullet — the wiki named a domestic brand alongside an explicit Cd value (0.47/0.41); anonymized to “the highest-mean domestic label was a Fars-Province Iranian cultivar.” (3) Brand-firewall leak in the Verification-notes brand-firewall paragraph — the wiki had enumerated all 10 paper labels by name; rewritten to describe the naming pattern (mixed cultivar/region + commercial-brand, 3 domestic Iranian + 6 Indian + 1 Thai) without enumerating. (4) Stale-slug regulation wikilinks — regulations/codex-lead-mls, regulations/jecfa-cd-ptwi, regulations/jecfa-pb-ptwi do not exist in the current taxonomy; replaced jecfa-cd-ptwi and jecfa-pb-ptwi with the canonical jecfa-cadmium-ptmi and jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn and dropped codex-lead-mls (no current page). (5) Unsourced “current JECFA Cr guidance” synthesis aside — trimmed the Cr-VI-vs-total-Cr editorial sentence to a neutral statement that the paper does not speciate Cr-VI / Cr-III. Two paper-internal-inconsistency notes in Verification notes were also rewritten to remove enumerated brand names while preserving the inconsistency disclosures. Numerical fidelity check passed verbatim across Tables 1–4 and all SRM 1568b recovery values; no transcription errors found in primary data. Final verdict: REVISE. Audit findings: 5 verified correct and applied, 0 rejected as false positives.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.