Allsopp, Santillo & Johnston 2001 — Hazardous chemicals in carpets

This January 2001 Greenpeace Research Laboratories technical note (Technical Note 01/2001) by Michelle Allsopp, David Santillo, and Paul Johnston at the University of Exeter, commissioned by the Healthy Flooring Network, reports a chemical-additive investigation of eight new carpet samples purchased from UK retailers. The study sits in the same Greenpeace Research Laboratories series as the contemporaneous PVC-flooring report (Allsopp et al. 2000, referenced but not in corpus) and as stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products (children’s PVC products, June 2001, six months later). The investigators screened the eight carpets for six chemical classes — organotins, permethrin (a pyrethroid pesticide applied as an anti-dust-mite biocide), triclosan, formaldehyde, brominated flame retardants, and phthalates — and found three of those classes at quantifiable levels: organotins (particularly tributyltin) at concentrations up to 47,500 µg/kg in one carpet treated with a proprietary anti-microbial deodorant treatment, permethrin up to 78 mg/kg in three of the four carpets carrying dust-mite-protection treatments, and the brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in three samples (up to 1,600 µg/kg in a polypropylene-backed carpet tile). Formaldehyde was detected in six of the eight samples at 1.1–7.6 mg/kg. Phthalates and triclosan were not detected above limits of detection. The report’s central HMI-relevant finding is that two of eight carpets (NGP004 and NGP007), both of which were marketed as carrying proprietary anti-microbial / anti-dust-mite treatments, carried tributyltin (TBT) loadings of 2,700 and 47,500 µg/kg respectively — the latter exceeding by ≈47-fold the 1,000 µg/kg (1 mg/kg) organotin-in-textiles-and-paints threshold that Germany was implementing at end-2002 under national legislation. The authors note that no published research had previously analysed for organotins in carpet; this report is therefore the first organotin survey of UK carpets and is one of the earliest organotin-speciation datasets for any domestic textile.

Key numbers

Sampling frame and analytical workflow (Methods pp. 4–6; Table 1 pp. 4–5)

• Total carpet samples: 8 (sample IDs NGP001–NGP008), all purchased from UK retail suppliers prior to January 2001.
• Sample compositions (fibre / treatment / backing summarised, brand names dropped per Part 12): NGP001 80% wool / 20% nylon Axminster with jute/polyester/polypropylene/EVA-latex backing, made in England, no biocide treatment listed; NGP002 80% wool / 20% nylon Axminster, made in County Durham UK, no biocide listed; NGP003 80% wool / 20% nylon Axminster, woven in Poland from British wool, no biocide listed; NGP004 100% polypropylene with bitumen backing, made in Britain, treated with a proprietary anti-microbial fibre treatment marketed for “100% control of house dust mites, bacteria, mould, mildew and fungi”; NGP005 80% wool / 10% polypropylene / 10% polyester twist, polyester-yarn backing, treated with a proprietary anti-stain treatment and a separate proprietary anti-dust-mite treatment; NGP006 100% polypropylene with woven polypropylene backing, treated with the same anti-stain and anti-dust-mite treatments as NGP005; NGP007 80/20 wool/nylon, treated with a proprietary anti-microbial deodorant marketed for dust-mite eradication plus rot-proofing, moth-proofing, and anti-stain protection; NGP008 polypropylene-backed carpet tile, no biocide treatment listed.
• Analytical workflow. Five external laboratories ran the panels: organotins at GALAB (Geesthacht, Germany), all eight samples assayed for eight species (MBT, DBT, TBT, TeBT, MOT, DOT, tricyclohexyltin, triphenyltin) with limit of determination 0.3 µg/kg and limit of detection 0.1 µg/kg, measurement uncertainty 10–20%, recovery 75–100%; permethrin at the UK Central Science Laboratory (Sand Hutton, York), all eight samples; triclosan at PIRA International (Leatherhead, Surrey), six of eight samples (NGP001, NGP002, NGP003, NGP004, NGP007, NGP008 — NGP005 and NGP006 not analysed for triclosan); formaldehyde at ALAB (Analyse Labor in Berlin GmbH), all eight samples; brominated flame retardants at the Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO, Ymuiden), all eight samples assayed for 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners — IUPAC nr. BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-60, BDE-71, BDE-75, BDE-77, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-119, BDE-138, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-190, BDE-209 — 7 polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) congeners (BB-15, BB-49, BB-52, BB-101, BB-153, BB-155, BB-209), and 3 other brominated flame retardants (tetrabromobisphenol-A or TBBPA, methyl derivative of tetrabromobisphenol-A or Me-TBBPA, and hexabromocyclododecane or HBCD); phthalates at the UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist (Teddington), all eight samples assayed for six phthalates (DINP, DEHP, DnOP, DBP, DIDP, BBP) using UKAS-accredited method LGC SOP OTH/C1-0015, limit of detection 0.05% by weight.

Organotin compounds (µg/kg by carpet-fibre weight; Table 2, p. 8)

The full eight-species × eight-sample matrix as reported in Table 2:

• Tributyltin peaks: 47,500 µg/kg in NGP007 (the 80/20 wool/nylon carpet with a proprietary anti-microbial deodorant treatment for dust-mite eradication); 2,700 µg/kg in NGP004 (the 100% polypropylene primary-school-grade carpet with a proprietary anti-microbial fibre treatment). TBT was below detection (<0.3 µg/kg) in NGP005 and NGP006, both of which carried a proprietary anti-stain plus anti-dust-mite treatment pair, indicating that not all anti-dust-mite carpet treatments used organotin-based biocides.
• Dibutyltin peaks: 7,200 µg/kg in NGP007; 103 µg/kg in NGP004; 1.1 µg/kg in NGP005. Trace dibutyltin (10.9–29.6 µg/kg) was present in all five wool-blend or polypropylene-tile samples without anti-microbial treatment, suggesting low-level background or process-residue dibutyltin in conventional carpet manufacture.
• Monobutyltin peaks: 1,140 µg/kg in NGP007; 501 µg/kg in NGP004. Trace monobutyltin (3.3–9.3 µg/kg) was present in all non-treated samples except NGP006.
• Tetrabutyltin detected only in the two TBT-positive samples (NGP004 at 10.8 µg/kg, NGP007 at 124 µg/kg) — consistent with tetrabutyltin being a synthesis intermediate or degradation impurity of TBT.
• Octyltins, tricyclohexyltin, and triphenyltin all below detection in every sample (MOT, DOT <0.4 µg/kg; tricyclohexyltin, triphenyltin <0.3 µg/kg). The complete absence of octyltins is a notable contrast with stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products and yamada1993-organotin-household-commodities, in which octyltins (DOT, MOT) were the predominant organotin species in many PVC and textile samples.
• NGP006 was the only sample with all eight organotin species below detection (all values <0.3 or <0.4 µg/kg). The absence is notable because NGP006 carried the same proprietary anti-microbial treatment combination as NGP005 and was otherwise compositionally similar to NGP004 (both 100% polypropylene), yet showed no detectable organotins; the report does not explain the discrepancy.
• Sum of butyltin species (MBT + DBT + TBT + TeBT) in NGP007: 55,964 µg/kg (≈56 mg/kg, ≈0.0056% by carpet-fibre weight). Sum in NGP004: 3,314.8 µg/kg.

Permethrin (mg/kg by carpet-fibre weight; Table 3, p. 8)

• High permethrin values (68–78 mg/kg) in NGP005, NGP006, NGP007 — three of the four carpets carrying explicit anti-dust-mite treatments (NGP005 and NGP006 with the same proprietary anti-dust-mite treatment, NGP007 with a proprietary anti-microbial deodorant for dust-mite eradication).
• NGP004 was permethrin-negative (<0.05 mg/kg) despite being marketed for “100% control of house dust mites” — its anti-dust-mite mechanism was clearly not permethrin-based. (NGP004 was instead the second-highest TBT carpet at 2,700 µg/kg, indicating that organotins were its biocide pathway.)
• Low-level permethrin (2.0–4.2 mg/kg) in NGP001, NGP002, NGP003 — the three Axminster wool/nylon carpets without listed anti-dust-mite treatments. Source suggests this is below-treatment background, consistent with pesticide carry-over in wool processing.
• NGP008 permethrin-negative (<0.05 mg/kg).

Formaldehyde (mg/kg by carpet-fibre weight; Table 4, p. 9)

• Detected in 6 of 8 samples at 1.1–7.6 mg/kg. Below limit of detection (<0.5 mg/kg) in NGP004 and NGP008.
• Highest in NGP007 at 7.6 mg/kg — the same sample with the highest organotin loading.

Brominated flame retardants (Results section, p. 8)

• BDE-209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) detected in 3 of 8 samples: NGP002 at 33 µg/kg, NGP003 at 28 µg/kg, and NGP008 at 1,600 µg/kg (the polypropylene-backed carpet tile).
• All other PBDE congeners, all 7 PBB congeners, TBBPA, Me-TBBPA, and HBCD: below limit of detection in all samples.

Phthalates and triclosan

• Phthalates: not detected in any of the eight samples at the LGC SOP OTH/C1-0015 method limit of detection of 0.05% by weight (six phthalates tested: DINP, DEHP, DnOP, DBP, DIDP, BBP). The source authors note that no published research had previously analysed for phthalates in carpet either.
• Triclosan: not detected in any of the six tested samples at the PIRA International method’s limit of detection. Source notes the absence of triclosan cannot be distinguished from poor extraction efficiency of triclosan from carpet matrices given the analytical method used.

Regulatory comparators identified by the source

• OSPAR Convention List of Chemicals for Priority Action (OSPAR 1998a, OSPAR 2000c): organotins as a group and brominated flame retardants as a group are both on the priority list, with the 15-state North-East Atlantic agreement targeting cessation of discharges, emissions and losses to the marine environment by 2020.
• German national legislation prohibiting use of TBT and other organotins in textiles and shipping paints from 31 December 2002, with a 1 mg/kg (1,000 µg/kg) organotin-in-products threshold for products to remain on market. Carpet NGP007 at 47,500 µg/kg TBT exceeds this 1 mg/kg limit by 47-fold, and NGP007 also exceeds the 1 mg/kg threshold for MBT (1,140 µg/kg = 1.14 mg/kg) and DBT (7,200 µg/kg = 7.2 mg/kg).
• CEC 2000 (Proposal for a Directive on restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment), CEC 2000/0159 (COD), COM (2000) 347: the source notes that the proposed EU Directive on RoHS includes the intention to phase out two groups of brominated flame retardants including the PBDEs; this is the early-stage policy environment that later became the 2003 RoHS Directive.

Methods (brief)

Sample acquisition. Eight new carpet samples purchased from UK retail suppliers (date not specified beyond “prior to January 2001”). One sample per retailer; sample numbering NGP001–NGP008 (Greenpeace Research Laboratories internal sample-ID convention).

Organotins. GALAB (Geesthacht, Germany), accredited method (analytical details available on request from GALAB, not reproduced in the report). All eight samples analysed for monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), tetrabutyltin (TeBT), monooctyltin (MOT), dioctyltin (DOT), tricyclohexyltin, and triphenyltin. Limit of determination 0.3 µg/kg; limit of detection 0.1 µg/kg; measurement uncertainty 10–20%; recovery 75–100%.

Permethrin. Central Science Laboratory (Sand Hutton, York, UK), analytical details available on request from the laboratory.

Triclosan. PIRA International (Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, UK), analytical details available on request from the laboratory. Six of eight samples analysed (NGP001, NGP002, NGP003, NGP004, NGP007, NGP008).

Formaldehyde. ALAB (Analyse Labor in Berlin GmbH), analytical details available on request from the laboratory.

Brominated flame retardants. Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO, Ymuiden), analytical details available on request from the laboratory. 15 PBDE congeners, 7 PBB congeners, TBBPA, Me-TBBPA, and HBCD assayed.

Phthalates. UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist (Teddington), UKAS-accredited method LGC SOP OTH/C1-0015. Six phthalates assayed (DINP, DEHP, DnOP, DBP, DIDP, BBP). Limit of detection 0.05% by weight.

Study design. Cross-sectional consumer-product survey; one specimen per item; no replication, no migration or extractability sub-study, no surface-wipe analysis, no indoor-air sampling. Total-substrate content of the carpet fibre material only.

Implications

• HMI metal scope. The HMI metal directly engaged by this source is tin (Sn), specifically as butyltin organotin species (MBT, DBT, TBT, TeBT). The report extends the organotin-in-consumer-products evidence base from PVC plastic articles (stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products, yamada1993-organotin-household-commodities) to woven and tufted domestic carpet — a previously unsurveyed matrix — and is the first published organotin speciation of UK carpets. The two-of-eight TBT-positive carpets (NGP007 at 47,500 µg/kg, NGP004 at 2,700 µg/kg) both carried marketed anti-microbial/anti-dust-mite treatments, indicating that organotin biocides were used in some — but not all — UK carpet anti-microbial treatments at the 2000 marketing window. The other organotin-positive PVC-related findings (Stringer 2001, Yamada 1993) and the Allsopp et al. 2000 PVC-flooring report (referenced but not in corpus) together establish organotins as a household-environment Sn exposure pathway distinct from inorganic-tin foodware contamination.
• HMTc audit implications (Part 2 firewall observed). Adds a 2001-vintage UK occurrence anchor for organotin loadings in domestic textile floor coverings. For HMTc certification, carpets are not currently in the product taxonomy (see Verification notes); this source supports the case for adding a carpets or floor-coverings-textile product class to the taxonomy if Karen elects to expand HMTc scope to indoor-environment textiles. This page does not propose HMTc thresholds.
• App. Not directly relevant to ingredient contamination_profile data because no food matrix is involved and no migration-into-food testing was reported. Potentially relevant to a future indoor-environment contamination predictor that maps carpet anti-microbial treatment claims to organotin and permethrin loading likelihood.
• Courses. Useful primary document for the regulatory-history module on the OSPAR phase-out of organotin uses (1998–2003 priority actions), German national organotin legislation (2002), the early EU RoHS/PBDE phase-out (CEC 2000), and the broader 1998–2001 international momentum to remove TBT from antifouling paints and consumer products. Also a case study in NGO multi-laboratory analytical commissioning (five external accredited laboratories for one eight-sample survey).
• Cross-reference. Allsopp 2001 is the carpet sibling of stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products (PVC consumer-product survey, June 2001) and the contemporaneous companion to the Allsopp et al. 2000 PVC-flooring report (referenced but not in corpus). yamada1993-organotin-household-commodities (Japan, 1993) is the closest analytical analogue for organotin speciation in textiles, although its panel (DBT, TBT, DOT, TOT, DPT, TPT) does not overlap exactly with the Allsopp 2001 panel (MBT, DBT, TBT, TeBT, MOT, DOT, tricyclohexyltin, triphenyltin); both reports use FPD/GC-equivalent organotin speciation methods at external accredited laboratories.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• tin
• organotins

Verification notes

• Source identification. Allsopp, M., Santillo, D. & Johnston, P. (2001). “Hazardous Chemicals in Carpets.” Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note 01/2001, January 2001. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. Commissioned by the Healthy Flooring Network. 17 pages including title page, abstract, methods, results with four data tables, discussion, conclusion, references, and Appendix 1 (chemical-group background).
• DOI. None assigned. Grey literature published directly by Greenpeace Research Laboratories. No DataCite, Crossref, or other persistent identifier observed in the PDF. access_url left null pending verification against the Greenpeace publication archive.
• Author attribution. Michelle Allsopp, David Santillo, and Paul Johnston are all named on the title page as Greenpeace Research Laboratories authors. Santillo and Johnston also co-authored the contemporaneous Allsopp et al. 2000 PVC-flooring technical note (Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note 14/00, November 2000), referenced here but not in the HMI corpus. Johnston also co-authored stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products (June 2001) under different first authorship.
• Source-tier rationale. evidence_tier: B: per Part 13 grading, an NGO/grey-literature technical note rather than a peer-reviewed publication, but carries (a) five external accredited laboratory analyses (GALAB for organotins, Central Science Laboratory UK for permethrin, PIRA International for triclosan, ALAB Berlin for formaldehyde, RIVO Netherlands for brominated flame retardants, UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist for phthalates), (b) explicit limits of detection and determination per analyte panel where reported, (c) consistent NGP### sample-ID convention across all four data tables, (d) named UKAS accreditation for the phthalate method, and (e) recovery and measurement-uncertainty disclosure for organotins. B-tier (“good-quality observational studies, smaller cohorts, well-conducted government technical reports, regional regulator monitoring data”) is the appropriate fit for the same reasons applied to stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products.
• Source-type rationale. source_type: ngo-report: Greenpeace is an environmental advocacy NGO, not a peer-reviewed journal, government agency, or industry body. The conclusion section frames the findings as warranting urgent attention to the use of hazardous chemicals in carpets (“…demands urgent attention”), confirming the advocacy framing. The underlying laboratory data are nonetheless presented in a structured testing-report format compatible with the Cochrane corpus.
• License rationale. copyrighted-third-party: Greenpeace Research Laboratories holds copyright. This page reproduces the report’s numerical findings under fair-use scholarly excerpting; the underlying source is not in the public domain.
• Frontmatter metals: [Sn] is correct — total elemental tin is not reported as such (no acid-digestion total-Sn analysis was performed), but eight organotin species were speciated and four (MBT, DBT, TBT, TeBT) were quantified above detection in at least one sample. Per Part 14 HMI metal vocabulary, Sn is the canonical tag for any tin-bearing analytical result; the organotin speciation is captured in the body and in the Wiki pages this source may touch section as [[metals/organotins]]. “organotins” is not in the HMI metals abbreviation list per Part 14 (Pb/Cd/iAs/tAs/MeHg/tHg/Ni/Al/Cr/Cr-VI/Sn/Sb/U); the page-slug listing under [[metals/organotins]] is the routing path.
• Frontmatter ingredients: [] is correct — no food ingredients are involved. The source is a domestic-textile survey.
• Frontmatter matrices: [] is correct — no food-matrix concentration values reported. All organotin, permethrin, formaldehyde, BDE, and phthalate results are reported as mg/kg or µg/kg by weight of the carpet-fibre substrate.
• Frontmatter products: [] — the source is an eight-sample survey of new UK domestic carpets, but carpets is not in the current product taxonomy (per the 2026-05-18 taxonomy snapshot and a live ls wiki/products/ check on 2026-06-03: the only carpet-adjacent slugs are carpet-cleaners and carpet-spot-removers, both of which are cleaning products applied to carpets rather than the carpet substrate itself; no floor-coverings-textile, flooring, or rugs slug exists). Per the v2 ingest skill and CLAUDE.md Part 10, this skill does not create new (non-provisional) product pages. Per the v2 ingest skill, provisional product scaffolds for source-declared products that lack pages may be created via tools/autonomy/create-provisional-product-scaffold.mjs; however, “carpets” as a product class is a candidate for Karen’s Step 0 Lock review (HMTc carpet certification scope is a category decision, not a routing decision), so the products field is left empty here and the gap is surfaced in this verification note for Karen to decide. The carpet-specific organotin and permethrin data are documented in the body and routed through the metal pages via metals: [Sn] and the [[metals/organotins]] page link.
• Frontmatter jurisdictions: [GB] reflects that all eight carpets were purchased at UK retail. The two non-British weave items (NGP003 woven in Poland from British wool, distributed UK; one Made-in-England Axminster) are still UK-market exposures; the sampling-jurisdiction is UK.
• Frontmatter near_duplicates points to stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products (the closely-related Greenpeace Research Laboratories children’s PVC consumer-product survey from five months later, sharing two co-authors and the same organotin-speciation analytical laboratory GALAB) and yamada1993-organotin-household-commodities (the Japanese organotin survey of household textiles and treatments, the closest analytical analogue although with a slightly different species panel). The Allsopp et al. 2000 PVC-flooring report (Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note 14/00) is referenced in this report and would also be a near-duplicate by series and authorship, but it is not currently in the HMI corpus; flagged for future discovery sweep.
• Brand-firewall (Part 12, strict reading locked 2026-05-17). No retailer, manufacturer, or trade-name brand names appear in the body of this page. Table 1 of the source associates each NGP### sample ID with specific carpet-manufacturer names and proprietary brand-name treatments (e.g., named anti-stain treatments, named anti-microbial deodorant treatments, named anti-microbial fibre treatments, named carpet retailers); per Part 12 strict reading, these brand and treatment-trade-name attributions are not reproduced here. The body describes samples by composition, fibre blend, backing material, and the generic functional category of any treatment applied (“proprietary anti-microbial fibre treatment”, “proprietary anti-stain treatment”, “proprietary anti-dust-mite treatment”, “proprietary anti-microbial deodorant treatment marketed for dust-mite eradication”). This anonymisation discipline matches the approach taken for stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products (CW#### sample numbers retained, brands dropped). Scientific-method vendor names (GALAB Geesthacht, Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton, PIRA International, ALAB Berlin, RIVO Ymuiden, UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist Teddington, the LGC SOP OTH/C1-0015 method identifier) are retained per Part 12 Exception 2 (scientific-method vendor/material names).
• Wiki/HMTc firewall (Part 2). The Implications section flags Allsopp 2001’s regulatory comparators (OSPAR priority-action list for organotins and brominated flame retardants; German national 1 mg/kg organotin-in-textiles legislation effective 31 December 2002; EU RoHS proposal CEC 2000) without proposing HMTc thresholds. No HMTc certification level is endorsed or critiqued. The Verification notes surface “carpets” as a candidate product-taxonomy expansion for Karen’s Step 0 Lock review but do not pre-decide it.
• Speciation flag. Sn is reported here exclusively as butyltin organotin species (MBT, DBT, TBT, TeBT) and as not-detected octyltin / cyclohexyltin / phenyltin species. No total elemental tin determination was performed, so no inorganic-tin baseline is available; the source does not address whether the carpet samples contained inorganic Sn beyond the organotin species reported. This contrasts with stringer2001-greenpeace-pvc-children-products, which determined total elemental Sn alongside organotin speciation and explicitly noted a tin mass-balance gap.
• Sample-size field. sample_n: 8 reflects the eight new carpet samples (NGP001–NGP008). Triclosan was analysed on six of the eight (NGP001, NGP002, NGP003, NGP004, NGP007, NGP008); all other panels (organotins, permethrin, formaldehyde, brominated flame retardants, phthalates) were run on all eight.
• Regulation-page mapping. The report’s primary regulatory comparators are: OSPAR Convention 1998 Strategy with Regard to Hazardous Substances (OSPAR 98/14/1 Annex 34) and the OSPAR 2000 List of Chemicals for Priority Action (OSPAR 00/20/1 Annex 6); German national legislation prohibiting TBT and other organotins in textiles and paints after 31 December 2002 (1 mg/kg organotin-in-products threshold; specific German federal-law citation not provided in the report); CEC 2000 RoHS proposal (CEC 2000/0159 (COD), COM (2000) 347, published 13 June 2000); Control of Pesticide Regulations 1986 (UK); Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 1994 (UK); US EPA recommendation that new carpets be aired outdoor before installation and indoor areas well ventilated for 48–72 hours after carpet fitting (cited via Pesticide News 2000); US CPSC observation that significant quantities of formaldehyde are not released from carpets (cited via Schaeffer et al. 1996). None of these regulatory instruments are in the current wiki/regulations/ slug list. Flagged for future Part 10 regulation-page authoring rather than created speculatively from this single source.
• Date and unit conventions. Organotin concentrations are reported in µg/kg (ppb) by weight of the carpet-fibre substrate; permethrin and formaldehyde concentrations are reported in mg/kg (ppm) by weight; brominated flame retardant concentrations are reported in µg/kg (ppb) by weight; phthalate concentrations are reported as % by weight (the LOD is 0.05%). Carpet sample IDs use the NGP#### Greenpeace Research Laboratories internal-convention format. The technical-note identifier “01/2001” denotes the first technical note published by Greenpeace Research Laboratories in calendar year 2001.
• Raw integrity. raw_sha256 = 961b5838e4e8dd1f225eef6d1c25e59c00652bac00086298ace60802ff754a56 confirmed against the PDF at the raw path.
• Folder context vs paper scope. The PDF lives under raw/manual-fetch/Kimi_Agent_Download Corruption Issue/household_papers/04_Carpet_Degreaser_BBQ_Appliance/ in the Kimi corruption-issue rescue tree. The folder name conflates carpets, degreasers, BBQ appliances, and other household items; the paper itself is a carpet-only investigation. The folder taxonomy reflects the Kimi-agent’s batch-organisation scheme during the 2026-05 corruption-issue rescue, not the paper’s content.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.