Abaas et al. 2018 - Nickel in breast milk in Hilla City
Abaas and colleagues measured nickel in breast milk from lactating mothers living in Hilla City, Iraq. The study is routeable for human-milk nickel exposure because it reports breast-milk nickel concentrations in ppb and evaluates associations with maternal and environmental variables. It is human-milk exposure evidence, not infant formula evidence.
Key numbers
- The reported mean nickel concentration in human milk was 23.83 +/- 15.57 ppb.
- The authors describe the value as high compared with concentrations reported in other countries.
- The paper reports associations between higher nickel concentrations and rural residence, maternal factors, and water-source variables.
- The extracted text states abnormal concentration prevalence values of 99% and 93%, but the table context should be rechecked before using those percentages in public synthesis.
Methods (brief)
Breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers, stored frozen, and analyzed for nickel by atomic absorption methods. The paper reports total nickel concentration.
Implications
Certification: Human-milk exposure context only; not a commercial product benchmark source.
Courses: Useful for geographic-variance teaching in infant exposure.
App: Can inform human-milk exposure context if the app tracks breastfeeding separately.
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Verification notes
The filename came from a human-milk Ni gap and matches the source content. No speciation issue applies for nickel.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0edf3ce | 2026-05-29 | ingest auto-fetched 2026-05-29 0000 batch 2: 10 source pages |