Rebeniak et al. 2014 — Lead and cadmium migration from ceramics and glassware on the Polish market, 2010–2012

This peer-reviewed paper from the Department of Food Safety at Poland’s National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH-NIH, Warsaw) reports a three-year national monitoring study of lead and cadmium migration from ceramic and glass food-contact articles sold on the Polish market. Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations across all Polish provinces sampled 1,273 items during 2010–2012; migration was measured into 4% acetic acid food simulant (24 h, 22±2 °C, in the dark) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) in PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025-accredited provincial laboratories using the EU-harmonised PN-EN 1388-1:2000 and PN-EN 1388-2:2000 test methods. Lead and cadmium release were usually below analytical detection limits; permissible-limit exceedances were rare and concentrated in imported decorated articles (mainly from Asia) and in the decorated rims of beverage glassware — a surface for which no EU limit currently exists. The maximum migration observed was 163.8 mg Pb/product and 8.96 mg Cd/product from the rim of a single imported glass mug. The authors carry the per-article migration limits permitted under EU Directive 84/500/EEC (as amended by 2005/31/EC) and the Polish PN-B-13210:1997 standard for rims through to dietary-exposure modelling and conclude that the existing EU migration limits, even when complied with, can drive intakes close to or above the EFSA BMDL01 for lead and TWI for cadmium — especially in 20 kg children, where modelled exceedances reach 30–34× BMDL01 (Pb, neurotoxic) and 3–4.2× TWI (Cd).

Key numbers

Sampling structure (Materials and Methods, p. 303)

• 2010 (n=423): 281 decorated ceramic samples (114 mug/beverage vessels, 99 deep dishes, 68 flat dishes) + 142 glassware samples (108 decorated-rim + 34 crystal).
• 2011 (n=392): 225 decorated ceramic samples (105 mug/beverage vessels, 65 deep dishes, 55 flat dishes) + 167 glassware samples (131 decorated-rim + 36 crystal).
• 2012 (n=458): 245 decorated ceramic samples (112 drinking vessels, 69 deep dishes, 64 flat dishes) + 213 glassware samples (154 decorated-rim + 59 crystal).
• Total: 1,273 ceramic and glassware items.

Permissible migration limits used as reference (Table 1, p. 304, transcribed from EU Directive 84/500/EEC as amended)

Polish Standard PN-B-13210:1997 sets a migration limit for the rims of vessels for beverages at 2.0 mg Pb / product and 0.2 mg Cd / product. No EU limit exists for migration from rims that come into direct contact with the mouth or from the inside surface or rims of glassware.

Flat ceramic dishes (n=197 over 2010–2012; Results, p. 304; Tables 2 and 3)

• Pb: 2 imported decorated samples exceeded the Category 1 limit of 0.8 mg/dm²: 0.9 and 11.9 mg/dm² (both 2012, both imported decorated plates per Table 3).
• Cd: never exceeded the 0.07 mg/dm² limit across the three years.
• Proportion of samples with detectable Pb above LOD: ~17 %. Proportion with detectable Cd: ~7 %.

Deep ceramic dishes (n=233 over 2010–2012, excluding vessels for beverages; Results p. 304; Tables 2 and 3)

• Of the 233 samples, ~66 % were < LOD for Pb and ~87 % < LOD for Cd.
• Measurable but permissible-limit-compliant Pb in 75 samples (92 % imported); measurable Cd in 31 samples (97 % imported).
• 5 imported samples exceeded the Category 2 Pb limit of 4.0 mg/L: 4.7, 4.9, 5.6, 6.1, 8.6 mg/L (2010: 2 samples; 2011: 2 samples; 2012: 1 sample per Table 3).
• 0 samples exceeded the Category 2 Cd limit of 0.3 mg/L.

Ceramic mugs / vessels for beverages (n=331 inner-surface + 303 rim, 2010–2012; Results p. 304; Tables 2 and 3)

• Inner surface (n=331): Pb detectable in only 8 samples; Cd detectable in only 6 samples; no exceedance of permissible limits (Category 2 thresholds: Pb 4.0 mg/L, Cd 0.3 mg/L).
• Rims of ceramic vessels (n=303 across 2010–2012, per Table 2 column totals): measurable Pb migration in 46 samples, of which 4 imports exceeded the 2.0 mg/product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit: 2.1, 3.7, 4.2, and 14.4 mg Pb / product.
• Rims of ceramic vessels for Cd: only 18 of 303 samples had detectable Cd migration; 0 samples exceeded the 0.2 mg/product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit.

Glasses for beverages — inner surface and decorated rims (n=393 inner + 275 rim-decorated beverage glasses + 95 vodka/wine glasses with decorated rims; Results p. 304)

• Inner-surface detectable Pb: ~5 % of samples; inner-surface detectable Cd: ~2 % of samples; all results for Cd migrating from vodka/wine glass inner surfaces were < LOD.
• Rim of 275 decorated beverage glasses: 57 (20 %) exceeded the 2.0 mg Pb / product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit.
• Rim of 95 decorated vodka/wine glasses: 10 (11 %) exceeded the 2.0 mg Pb / product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit.
• Rim of 275 decorated beverage glasses: 52 (19 %) exceeded the 0.2 mg Cd / product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit.
• Rim of 95 decorated vodka/wine glasses: 7 (7 %) exceeded the 0.2 mg Cd / product PN-B-13210:1997 rim limit.
• Detectable-but-compliant Pb migration from rims: 27 samples (7.3 % of decorated-rim glassware). Detectable-but-compliant Cd: 41 samples (11 %).
• Most non-compliant items came from Asian countries. Highest single result: rim of an imported glass mug at 163.8 mg Pb / product and 8.96 mg Cd / product (Abstract; reaffirmed Results p. 304).

Crystal glassware vessels (n=129; Results p. 307)

• 96 % of crystal samples were manufactured in Poland or other EU countries.
• 1 sample exceeded the Category 2 Cd limit (0.3 mg/L) at 0.447 mg/L Cd.
• 0 samples exceeded the Category 2 Pb limit (4.0 mg/L).
• In 45 % of crystal samples, detectable Pb migration fell within the 0.5–2.0 mg/L band.
• 18.6 % of crystal samples were < LOD for Pb.

RASFF context (Results p. 307)

• 2010–2012: 80 RASFF notifications concerning health threats from high Pb and Cd migration from ceramics and glassware in food contact. A significant share originated from Poland and concerned decorated-rim glassware. Most notified products were manufactured in China; some came from EU Member States. RASFF-reported maxima during the period: 163.8 mg Pb / product and 8.96 mg Cd / product (the same article surfaced in this study’s worst-case finding, per Abstract).

Reference toxicological values used by the authors (Introduction, p. 302)

• JECFA 2010: withdrew the 0.025 mg/kg b.w. PTWI for Pb, concluding it could no longer be considered health-protective.
• EFSA 2010 (CONTAM Panel Scientific Opinion on Lead): Pb BMDL01 in children 0.5 µg/kg b.w./day (neurotoxic / developmental neurotoxicity endpoint); Pb BMDL10 in adults 0.63 µg/kg b.w./day (nephrotoxic endpoint); Pb BMDL01 1.5 µg/kg b.w./day (cardiovascular endpoint).
• EFSA 2009 + 2011 (Cd Scientific Opinion + Statement on TWI): Cd TWI reduced 2.8-fold from PTWI 0.007 mg/kg b.w. to TWI 0.0025 mg/kg b.w.
• JECFA 2010: replaced Cd PTWI with Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake (PTMI) of 0.025 mg/kg b.w.

Risk-assessment exposure estimates from the worst-case migration scenarios (Results and Discussion, pp. 307)

The authors model dietary exposure if articles release Pb and Cd at the maximum permissible levels.

Pb migration at EU Directive 84/500/EEC limits:

• Deep plate (Category 2; 0.5 L volume, 4.0 mg/L → 2.0 mg Pb released): adult 70 kg b.w. → 2.5-fold exceedance of BMDL01 (cardiovascular); child 20 kg b.w. → 30-fold exceedance of BMDL01 (neurotoxic).
• Flat plate (Category 1; 20 cm diameter, 2.4 mg Pb released at limit): adult 70 kg b.w. → >3-fold exceedance of BMDL01 (cardiovascular); child 20 kg b.w. → 34-fold exceedance of BMDL01 (neurotoxic).

Cd migration at EU Directive 84/500/EEC limits:

• Deep plate (0.5 L volume; 0.15 mg Cd released at limit): adult 70 kg b.w. → 86 % of TWI; child 20 kg b.w. → 3-fold exceedance of TWI.
• Flat plate (20 cm diameter; 0.21 mg Cd released at limit): adult 70 kg b.w. → 120 % of TWI; child 20 kg b.w. → 4.2-fold exceedance of TWI.

Pb and Cd migration at PN-B-13210:1997 rim limits (2.0 mg Pb / product and 0.2 mg Cd / product):

• Pb (rim): adult → >2.5-fold BMDL01; 20 kg child → ~30-fold BMDL01.
• Cd (rim): adult → ~equal to TWI; 20 kg child → 4-fold exceedance of TWI.
• The authors note these intakes assume once-weekly use of the article; daily use would multiply intakes seven-fold.

Background dietary intake (other sources — food, water, air) the authors carry into the risk picture (Results p. 307):

• Adults: Cd background ≈ 70 % of TWI; Pb background ≈ 35 % of BMDL01 (cardiovascular) and ≈ 80 % of BMDL01 (nephrotoxic).
• Children: Cd background ≈ 150 % of TWI; Pb background ≈ 200 % of BMDL01.

Methods (brief)

National monitoring sampling 2010–2012 by representatives of the Polish Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations across all provinces, following plans and guidelines from the Department of Food Safety at NIPH-NIH that took regional inhabitant counts and import/domestic ratios into account. The laboratory sample for each migration test comprised 4 individual identical products from the same manufacturer, material, decoration, shape, dimensions, and batch. Migration testing followed PN-EN 1388-1:2000 (lead and cadmium from ceramic ware) and PN-EN 1388-2:2000 (lead and cadmium from silicate surfaces other than ceramic ware), which are the Polish national implementations of the EU-harmonised migration test method: 24 h incubation in 4 % acetic acid food simulant at 22 ± 2 °C in the dark. Analytical determination was by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) in the laboratories of the Provincial Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations, each holding PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accreditation. Methods met the validation and performance criteria set out in Commission Directive 2005/31/EC (which amends Council Directive 84/500/EEC). Migration is reported in the article-category-specific basis (mg/dm² for shallow articles, mg/L for fillable articles, mg/product for rims).

Speciation flags. Pb and Cd are reported as total Pb and total Cd; no speciation discipline is required for these elements in the food-contact-material migration framework. The paper does not discuss species-specific measurements (Pb compounds, Cd compounds) — total-metal migration into the acid simulant is the regulatory endpoint.

Acid-simulant basis. Migration values are leachate concentrations from 4 % acetic acid contact with the article surface, normalised to the article’s regulatory category (per dm² of surface for shallow articles, per L of fill volume for deep articles, per article for rims). They are not food-borne concentrations: the simulant is a worst-case acidic-food proxy. The authors flag this explicitly in Results and Discussion (p. 307): real-use intakes will likely be lower because real food contact times are shorter than 24 h, releases decline with repeated use of an article, and not all foods are as acidic as the simulant.

Methodological limitations explicitly named by the authors (Discussion, p. 307):

• Migration kinetics from ceramics are reported in the prior literature (refs. 24 and 32 of the paper) as non-linear over consecutive extractions; the 24 h single-extraction test does not capture the full release profile.
• Real food–contact times are shorter than the 24 h simulant exposure used in the test method.
• Lead and cadmium release decreases on repeated use, so real intakes by users may be lower than the simulant-based worst-case figures the risk assessment uses.
• The dietary-exposure scenarios assume the modelled article is used at the permitted migration limit; values for non-compliant imported articles can be far higher (single article released 163.8 mg Pb / product).

Implications

• Certification (HMTc). This study contributes occurrence data to the HMTc Category 23 row 12 tableware-ceramicware category and to the tableware-glassware category, plus the cross-cutting tableware-decorative-decals-coatings routing layer. The dataset is unusual in two respects relevant to threshold work: (1) it reports migration into a 4 % acetic-acid simulant under EU-harmonised migration test methods, not contamination of food-as-consumed; the basis-conversion question for any HMTc value derived from this evidence is whether the certification target is the simulant-migration result or a modelled food-borne dose. (2) The sampling stratifies by article origin (Imported / EU / Polish domestic), and the exceedance distribution is sharply concentrated in imports from outside the EU. For the HMTc rim-of-beverage-vessel sub-issue, the paper documents that no EU limit exists for migration from rims; PN-B-13210:1997 (2.0 mg Pb and 0.2 mg Cd per product) is the only quantitative reference in scope. The authors’ own risk-assessment math, carried at face value, shows that even compliance with the EU Directive 84/500/EEC Category 1 and 2 limits drives modelled child exposures 30–34× above the EFSA Pb BMDL01 (neurotoxic) and 3–4.2× above the EFSA Cd TWI.
• Courses. A defensible national-monitoring case study for brand-QA and regulatory-affairs audiences on (a) how the EU-harmonised migration test method works in practice, (b) how the article-category basis (mg/dm² vs mg/L vs mg/product) shapes what a “permissible limit” actually means in terms of consumer exposure, and (c) how the import-origin sampling stratification surfaces a contamination geography (Asia / China-origin imports dominate the exceedance distribution). Useful as a supply-chain-import-control teaching example.
• App. Not directly applicable to ingredient contamination_profile data because the matrices measured are food-contact-material leachates, not food ingredients. Relevant to a future food-contact-material / cookware module of the app.
• Microbiome. Not addressed in this source.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• tableware-ceramicware
• tableware-glassware
• tableware-decorative-decals-coatings
• lead
• cadmium
• efsa-lead-contam-2010
• efsa-cadmium-twi
• jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn
• jecfa-cadmium-ptmi

Verification notes

• Cite-key derivation. rebeniak2014-pb-cd-ceramics-glassware-poland follows the standard <firstauthorlowercase><year>-<short-topic-slug> form. First author Małgorzata Rebeniak is the corresponding author of record (Department of Food Safety, NIPH-NIH, Warsaw).
• Folder context. PDF resides at raw/Manual Fetch Kimi /May 21 Kimi_Agent_Download Corruption Issue/_extracted_infantcontact_04_Feeding_Accessories/04_Feeding_Accessories/10_paper_2014.pdf. The folder name “04_Feeding_Accessories” is a Kimi classifier artefact — the report’s content is national-monitoring migration testing of household ceramics and glassware for the adult/general-population market, not feeding accessories specifically. Routing follows content, not folder placement; the feeding-accessories-child-sized product slug is not declared in frontmatter because the paper does not discuss feeding accessories for infants or children.
• DOI status. No DOI is printed on the article and no DOI is registered for this 2014 volume of Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny / Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene; the journal’s volumes from this period are available via the publisher’s PDF archive without DataCite/Crossref minting. Marked doi: null with no_doi_assigned: true per existing-page convention.
• License. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig is published by NIPH-NIH; the back-issue copy carries © NIPH-NIH but the journal’s current open-access licensing terms are not stated on the article page itself. Marked license: unknown rather than guessing. The PDF carries the publisher copyright notice but does not state a Creative Commons designation.
• Authors block. Authors listed in order from the byline: Małgorzata Rebeniak (corresponding author), Maria Wojciechowska-Mazurek, Monika Mania, Tomasz Szynal, Agnieszka Strzelecka, Krystyna Starska. All affiliated with the Department of Food Safety, NIPH-NIH, Warsaw, Poland.
• Source-tier rationale. A-tier. Peer-reviewed national-monitoring report from Poland’s national reference institute for food safety, executed by accredited provincial laboratories under PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025, using the EU-harmonised migration test method (PN-EN 1388-1:2000 / PN-EN 1388-2:2000 = the Polish national implementations of the European harmonised standard). n=1,273 systematically sampled by region and import/domestic ratio across all Polish provinces 2010–2012. Combination of agency authorship, systematic sampling design, accredited analytics, and harmonised test methodology fits A-tier per CLAUDE.md Part 13.
• Metals selection. metals: [Pb, Cd]. Both reported as total Pb and total Cd via FAAS analysis of acid-simulant leachate. The paper does not measure or discuss any other heavy metals.
• Speciation flags. No speciation discipline is required for Pb or Cd in the food-contact-material migration framework. The migration test measures total Pb and total Cd released into the simulant, which is the regulatory endpoint under Directive 84/500/EEC (as amended by 2005/31/EC).
• Wet vs dry basis / unit normalisation. Migration values are simulant-leachate concentrations on the article-category-specific basis the regulation prescribes: mg/dm² for shallow articles (Category 1), mg/L for fillable articles (Category 2 and Category 3), and mg/product for rims under PN-B-13210:1997. Units are preserved exactly as the paper reports them; no conversion is performed. The simulant-leachate basis is not food-borne concentration; downstream synthesis must not silently treat a Category-2 4.0 mg/L Pb migration result as a food-Pb concentration.
• Acid-simulant basis (4 % acetic acid). Migration values are not directly comparable to occurrence data for food-borne Pb or Cd. They represent the upper-bound release under a worst-case acidic-food proxy (4 % acetic acid, 24 h, 22 °C). Downstream product-page treatment must preserve this distinction; the food-contact-material-leachate matrix tag plus the food-simulant matrix tag both anchor the basis.
• Frontmatter ingredients: []. Correct — this is a food-contact-material migration study, not an ingredient-occurrence study. No ingredient is measured or discussed.
• Frontmatter products: selection. Three product slugs route this source:
  • tableware-ceramicware — direct evidence for ceramic flat dishes, deep dishes, and ceramic mugs (inner surface and rims). HMTc Taxonomy v2.0 Category 23, Row 12.
  • tableware-glassware — direct evidence for glasses for beverages (inner surface and decorated rims), vodka/wine glasses, and crystal glassware vessels.
  • tableware-decorative-decals-coatings — direct evidence for the cross-cutting “decorated surfaces” routing layer: nearly every exceedance in the dataset is from a decorated surface (decorated flat plate, decorated deep dish, decorated rim of beverage glass / vodka glass / ceramic mug). The decoration is the contamination platform; this routes correctly.
• Frontmatter matrices:. food-contact-material-leachate (the substance being measured is the acid-simulant leachate from a food-contact article) and food-simulant (the specific matrix is the 4 % acetic acid simulant that captures the leachate). These two terms appear in the prior corpus (munilla-garcia2023-lead-kombucha-ceramics uses food-contact-material-leachate; kim2024-food-container-metal-migration-korea uses food-simulant). Both are the appropriate broad-scope matrices for this paper’s measurements.
• Frontmatter jurisdictions:. PL (Poland — the national monitoring jurisdiction, where the articles were sampled and tested) and EU (because the migration limits cited and modelled are EU Directive 84/500/EEC as amended by 2005/31/EC, and the paper’s regulatory recommendations target EU legislation). The imported articles’ country of origin (mainly Asia / China per the Discussion) is the origin of the contamination but not the jurisdiction of the study; jurisdiction follows the study site, not the manufacturer origin.
• Brand firewall (Part 12, strict reading locked 2026-05-17). No brand-firewall issues. The paper never names a brand of ceramic or glassware article; all article-level reporting is by product form (flat plate, deep plate, ceramic mug, glass mug, vodka/wine glass, crystal glassware) and origin code (I = imported outside EU; EU = EU; K = Polish domestic). Methods-section vendor names (FAAS instrument vendors, reference materials, statistical software) are not specified in the paper either; only the harmonised test-method standards (PN-EN 1388-1:2000, PN-EN 1388-2:2000, PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005) and the regulatory texts (Directive 84/500/EEC, 2005/31/EC, Polish PN-B-13210:1997, Commission Regulation 2023/2006 on GMP for FCMs) are cited.
• Wiki/HMTc firewall (Part 2). The paper’s own conclusion is that EU migration limits for Pb and Cd from ceramics should be lowered, and that the EU should introduce migration limits for rims of beverage vessels (currently uncovered) and for glassware. This is a regulatory recommendation from a national-monitoring authority, not an HMTc threshold proposal. This page reports the authors’ modelled exceedance multiples (30× BMDL01 for child Pb at the deep-plate Category 2 limit; 4.2× TWI for child Cd at the flat-plate Category 1 limit; etc.) as the source’s own risk-assessment finding, without proposing any HMTc threshold value of my own or framing the gap between current EU limits and what the literature would support as anything other than the authors’ own analysis. The Implications section notes that the dataset contributes occurrence data to HMTc Category 23 row 12 and to tableware-glassware threshold work, without proposing values.
• Regulation pages referenced. Existing wiki regulation pages this source touches: efsa-lead-contam-2010 (the 2010 EFSA CONTAM Panel Pb opinion that supplied the BMDL01 0.5 µg/kg b.w./day for children); efsa-cadmium-twi (the 2011 EFSA CONTAM Panel Cd statement that locked TWI at 0.0025 mg/kg b.w.); jecfa-lead-ptwi-withdrawn (the 2010 JECFA decision withdrawing the 0.025 mg/kg b.w. Pb PTWI); jecfa-cadmium-ptmi (the 2010 JECFA Cd PTMI of 0.025 mg/kg b.w.). The EU Directive 84/500/EEC, Commission Directive 2005/31/EC, Commission Regulation (EC) 2023/2006 on FCM GMP, and Polish PN-B-13210:1997 are referenced regulatory texts that do not currently have dedicated wiki regulation pages. Per Part 10, regulation-page creation for these is surfaced here as Karen’s call rather than created speculatively; the source can be ingested cleanly without those pages existing.
• RASFF cross-reference. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notification counts (80 notifications 2010–2012 for Pb/Cd from ceramics and glassware, predominantly Chinese-manufactured) are public-record regulatory-event data. RASFF is not currently a wiki regulation page; the data appears in this source as the paper’s own narrative regulatory context.
• Imported-vs-domestic-vs-EU origin pattern. Across all article categories, the exceedance distribution is concentrated in articles imported from outside the EU (mainly Asian). This is documented per-category in Tables 2 and 3 (each row stratified by I / EU / K) and summarised in narrative form throughout Results. The pattern is a robust signal of where contamination concentrates in the Polish food-contact-material supply chain and is preserved here without naming individual countries beyond the paper’s own “Asian / China” and “EU Member States” language.
• Worst-case single-article finding. The 163.8 mg Pb / product and 8.96 mg Cd / product rim of an imported glass mug is reported both as the single highest result in the NIPH-NIH dataset and as the highest RASFF-notified result during 2010–2012. The Abstract, Results section (“Glasses for beverages”), and RASFF context paragraph all reaffirm the same numerical pair, indicating the worst-case article surfaced through both surveillance channels.
• Phrase “1273” / “1,273” usage. The paper uses “1273” (no thousands separator) in the Abstract and Results; this page reports it as “1,273” in narrative prose for readability and preserves “1273” in the sample_n integer field.
• Audit subagent (2026-06-01) Check 1 — flat-ceramic >0.8 mg/dm² Pb attribution false positive (rejected). The fresh-context audit subagent flagged the “(both 2012, both imported decorated plates per Table 3)” parenthetical, claiming “Table 3 (p. 306) shows the two ‘>0.8 mg/dm²’ 2012 entries in the K (domestic) row, not the I row.” Verified independently against PDF page 306 Table 3, Flat dishes, 2012 rows: the I (imported) 2012 row reads “53 44 5 2 – 2” — i.e., total=53, with the five band columns <0.1=44, 0.1–0.2=5, 0.2–0.4=2, 0.4–0.8=– (zero), and >0.8=2. The K (domestic) 2012 row reads “9 7 – 1 1 –” — i.e., total=9, <0.1=7, 0.1–0.2=–, 0.2–0.4=1, 0.4–0.8=1, >0.8=– (zero). The two >0.8 mg/dm² Pb exceedances in Table 3 are unambiguously in the I (imported) row for 2012, and the 2010 and 2011 flat-dish rows show zero >0.8 entries across all origin codes for both years. Table 3 supports the wiki page’s parenthetical. The audit subagent appears to have transposed the I and K rows when reading the table. Finding rejected as a false positive; no change to the wiki page.
• Audit subagent (2026-06-01) Check 1 — paper-internal 163 vs 163.8 mg Pb/product inconsistency (noted). The audit subagent observed that the paper itself is internally inconsistent on the worst-case glass-mug-rim Pb value: page 304 (Glasses for beverages narrative) reads “163 mg/product,” while the Abstract and the RASFF paragraph on page 307 both read “163.8 mg/product.” Verified independently — the discrepancy exists in the source. The wiki page uses 163.8 mg Pb/product (the Abstract and RASFF figure), which is the more precise value and the one cited as the RASFF maximum for the 2010–2012 period. The page 304 “163” is the same article reported with one less significant figure, not a different article. No change to the wiki page; both values describe the same article and the more precise figure is the appropriate one to surface.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.