Rana et al. 2020 - Thunbergia leaf extract and lead-induced mouse renotoxicity

Rana and colleagues tested whether an aqueous Thunbergia laurifolia leaf extract altered lead-acetate-induced kidney toxicity in mice. This is lane a4 toxicology and co-treatment evidence, not vitamin/mineral supplement occurrence evidence: Pb acetate was deliberately supplied in drinking water, and blood/kidney Pb were measured as exposure-confirmation endpoints. The paper reports exact blood Pb, kidney Pb, kidney-weight, renal-function, and histopathology values.

Key numbers

• Study design: seven experimental groups, n = 6 mice per group, treated for 38 days.
• Lead exposure: PbAc at 1% in DW (drinking water) in the PbAc, Pb + TL, and Pb + vitamin E groups.
• Co-treatments: Thunbergia laurifolia leaf extract at 100 mg/kgBW or 200 mg/kgBW; vitamin E at 100 mg/kgBW in the comparator group.
• Blood Pb, untreated control vs PbAc vs Pb + TL 100 vs Pb + TL 200 vs Pb + vitamin E: 1.83 ± 0.26, 65.35 ± 0.83, 63.12 ± 1.59, 62.96 ± 1.25, and 64.89 ± 2.45 mg/dL.
• Kidney Pb, untreated control vs PbAc vs Pb + TL 100 vs Pb + TL 200 vs Pb + vitamin E: 1.43 ± 0.08, 52.70 ± 0.27, 45.45 ± 2.14, 42.50 ± 0.97, and 52.90 ± 2.13 mg/g protein.
• Relative kidney weight, untreated control vs PbAc vs Pb + TL 100 vs Pb + TL 200 vs Pb + vitamin E: 0.81 ± 0.03, 1.12 ± 0.04, 1.04 ± 0.04, 0.92 ± 0.04, and 1.01 ± 0.06.
• Plasma renal-function markers, untreated control vs PbAc vs Pb + TL 100 vs Pb + TL 200 vs Pb + vitamin E: BUN 32.80 ± 1.01, 45.04 ± 4.49, 20.33 + 0.41, 23.00 + 0.71, and 23.33 + 1.02 mg/dL; creatinine 0.23 ± 0.03, 0.38 ± 0.05, 0.33 + 0.05, 0.36 + 0.03, and 0.27 + 0.04 mg/dL.
• Urine endpoints, untreated control vs PbAc vs Pb + TL 100 vs Pb + TL 200 vs Pb + vitamin E: protein 20.80 ± 0.02, 27.60 ± 0.05, 24.10 ± 0.02, 22.20 ± 0.05, and 19.50 ± 0.04 mg/dL; creatinine 15.20 ± 1.17, 9.60 ± 1.62, 11.07 ± 0.14, 18.80 ± 3.04, and 22.10 ± 0.96 mg/dL; protein/creatinine ratio 1.36, 2.88, 2.18, 1.18, and 1.13.
• Histopathology scores: PbAc group scored +++ for hydropic degeneration in tubules, glomerular damage, and inflammatory cellular infiltration; Pb + TL 100 scored ++ for all three; Pb + TL 200 and Pb + vitamin E scored 0 for all three.
• Apoptosis: the text states the PbAc group had a 5.75-fold increase in kidney cell death versus untreated control, and TL 200 mg/kgBW reduced dead cells by 2.97-fold vs PbAc.

Methods (brief)

The authors combined in silico PASS and molecular-docking work with an in vivo Swiss Albino mouse experiment. Thunbergia laurifolia leaves were collected in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, oven-dried, pulverized, water-extracted, autoclaved, filtered, and freeze-dried. Blood and kidney Pb were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a Z-5000 Hitachi instrument at 283.3 nm; the paper reports Pb as total lead without speciation. Oxidative-stress, inflammatory, renal-function, H&E histopathology, and TUNEL apoptosis endpoints were assessed after 38 days of treatment.

Implications

Certification: This paper should not enter any consumer-product occurrence pool. It records controlled mouse lead-acetate exposure and kidney toxicity endpoints, with a botanical co-treatment that reduced kidney Pb relative to PbAc controls but did not normalize blood Pb.

Courses: Useful for teaching the difference between exposure confirmation, tissue retention, and injury mitigation. The paper shows why a co-treatment can improve renal injury markers while leaving high systemic Pb exposure largely intact.

App: Supports lead toxicology and remediation-context notes on the metal and mitigation pages. It does not support a vitamin/mineral supplement occurrence row.

Microbiome: No microbiome endpoints.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• lead
• remediation-evidence
• index

Verification notes

• Recovered under the 2026-06-10 inclusion-by-default rule, lane a4 exposure and health effect, with adjacent a2 co-treatment context. Prior skip was skip:no-occurrence-data because the paper had no consumer-product concentration table.
• DOI, title, authors, journal, open-access license, treatment structure, n = 6 group size, PbAc drinking-water dose, Table 1 Pb and kidney-weight values, Table 2 kidney-function values, Table 3 histopathology grades, and method details were checked against the extracted PDF text on 2026-06-11.
• Units are preserved exactly as printed in the source, including mg/dL, mg/g protein, mg/kgBW, and 1% in DW. The BUN and creatinine rows use the source’s printed + notation for several Pb co-treatment cells.
• Speciation: the source reports Pb and PbAc exposure; no lead speciation is reported.
• Products and ingredients are intentionally empty because this is an animal toxicology/co-treatment paper, not a botanical supplement occurrence study.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.