Lentils
FSA/Fera measured this ingredient or non-infant-specific food composite in Table 6 of the FS102048 survey. Exact concentration values remain in progress until Table 6 is parsed into structured ingredient rows with less-than and semi-quantitative flags preserved. fsa2016-infant-food-formula-metals-survey
Heavy metal contamination profile
Per-analyte snapshot derived from the machine-readable contamination_profile in the frontmatter above. data gap indicates the literature has been reviewed for this commodity-analyte combination and no usable occurrence data was found (a finding, not a placeholder). The Key sources column is populated by the per-metal body sections below where they exist; an automated Phase 3 enrichment will lift attributions into this table.
| Analyte | Coverage | Typical (ppb) | p95 (ppb) | Confidence | Key sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| Cd | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| iAs | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| tAs | data gap | — | — | — | — |
| tHg | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| Ni | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| Al | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| Cr | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| Sn | n=1 (in progress) | — | — | — | — |
| U | data gap | — | — | — | — |
Routing
This node is linked from the ingredient index and source routing list.
Contamination Profile State
The machine-readable contamination profile is in_progress. Ingredient-level values belong here once parsed; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chaura et al. 2026. Nutritional and Biochemical Diversity in Beans Accessions from Three Phaseolus Species Using Multiomics Characterization, ACS Nutrition Science | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, and tHg in 46 Phaseolus bean accessions (P. vulgaris, P. lunatus, P. acutifolius) from 19 countries by ICP-MS; one P. vulgaris outlier at 3,311 ppb Pb; species-level Cd and As differences |
| 2 | Ventura et al. 2025. Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study Approach, Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | tAs, Cd, Pb, and Sn occurrence across 163 pooled retail samples representing 17 food groups in the Portuguese TDS (2014–2016 collection), including the legumes and nuts group; legumes show highest Mo concentrations among all food groups |
| 3 | Valizadeh et al. 2023. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Canned Pinto Beans and Fava Beans Distributed in Gilan Province of Iran, Scientific Reports (published 2023; open access) | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | tAs, Cd, Pb, Sn, and tHg in 90 canned pinto and fava bean samples from 12 brands in Gilan Province, Iran (ICP-OES/EPA 7473); Hg below LOD in all samples, Cd detected in pinto beans only (max 4 ppb wet weight) |
| 4 | EFSA 2020. Update of the Risk Assessment of Nickel in Food and Drinking Water, EFSA Journal 2020;18(11):6268 | 2020 | Government report | EFSA Ni risk assessment (TDI 13 µg/kg bw/day) drawing on >47,000 European occurrence data points, identifying legumes including lentils among the principal dietary Ni contributors; anchors the acute LOAEL of 4.3 µg/kg bw for Ni-sensitised individuals |
| 5 | Nordberg et al. 2015. Cadmium (Chapter 32), in Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Specific Metals, Academic Press / Elsevier, Amsterdam | 2015 | Textbook chapter | Canonical textbook chapter on Cd toxicology (pp. 667–716) covering toxicokinetics, renal tubular endpoint, carcinogenicity, and risk assessment, with food occurrence data for legumes including lentils as dietary Cd contributors |
| 6 | JMRS et al. 2010. Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka Caused by Elevated Dietary Cadmium: Trojan Horse of the Green Revolution, Toxicology Letters 198(1):33–39 | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | Cd in rice, pulses (lentils and other legumes), and fish from Sri Lanka’s North Central Province (ICP-AAS; n≈140 samples), establishing the pulse contribution alongside rice in the dietary Cd load linked to an epidemic of chronic renal failure |
| 7 | EFSA 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, The EFSA Journal | 2009 | Government report | EFSA CONTAM Cd opinion establishing the EU TWI of 2.5 µg/kg bw/week and reporting dietary Cd occurrence across European food groups including legumes; identifies vegetarians — high legume consumers — as an exposure subgroup exceeding the TWI by roughly twofold |
| 8 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | Codex international maximum levels for Cd, Pb, Hg, iAs, and Sn across food matrices including pulses and legumes; PTMI of 25 µg Cd/kg bw/month; load-bearing primary source for regulatory limits cited on this page |
| 9 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Ni concentrations in 2,221 food samples from the Danish National Food Institute literature survey (AAS/PIXE, 1969–1982), reporting lentils among the high-Ni foods alongside soy, oats, and cocoa, with a load factor analysis quantifying per-food contribution to total dietary Ni intake |