Non-soy Infant Formula
This is a structural ingredient/profile node for non-soy infant formula routing. Finished formula occurrence values belong on the relevant formula product pages unless a source reports ingredient-only values.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thoerig et al. 2025. Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 122, pp. 1006-1026 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Systematic review of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and PFAS in US human milk and infant formula; most comprehensive current US synthesis of toxic elements in infant feedings, covering both non-soy and soy formula matrices; shows formula concentrations generally exceed human milk on a per-serving basis |
| 2 | Pikounis et al. 2024. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential elements: A comparison of infants fed with human milk or formula, Environmental Epidemiology | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Urinary biomarkers of iAs, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Mn in US formula-fed versus breastfed infants (Dartmouth/Harvard cohort); formula-fed infants show higher urinary As and Mn than breastfed infants, providing biomarker-validated evidence for feeding-mode-driven differences in infant toxic-element exposure |
| 3 | Ocaña et al. 2024. Metal availability shapes early life microbial ecology and community succession, mBio 15(7):e00854-24 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu in infant gut comparing formula-fed and breastfed infants (CHOP/Penn/Vanderbilt cohort); formula-fed infants have markedly higher gastrointestinal metal levels driving distinct early microbial community assembly via calprotectin-mediated nutritional immunity |
| 4 | Eticha et al. 2018. Infant Exposure to Metals through Consumption of Formula Feeding in Mekelle, Ethiopia, International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2018, Article 2985698 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, As, and Cr in retail infant formula products from the Mekelle, Ethiopia market (AAS); per-day infant exposure estimates against international reference values; extends the formula occurrence evidence base to sub-Saharan African market context |
| 5 | Carignan et al. 2016. Contribution of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during the first year of life in a U.S. prospective cohort, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 452-457 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | iAs and tAs exposure from breast milk and formula across the first year of life in a US prospective cohort (New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study); longitudinal feeding-mode-stratified arsenic exposure trajectory, with formula-fed infants accumulating more arsenic than breastfed infants over the same time window |
| 6 | Pacquette et al. 2016. Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Raw Ingredients, Nutritional Products, and Infant Formula by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 766-779 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | Single-laboratory ICP-MS method validation for simultaneous determination of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in raw ingredients (acid casein, maltodextrin, skim milk powder), nutritional products, and infant formula; validated against NIST SRM 1548a, 1577c, and 1568b; analytical method basis for infant formula occurrence surveillance |
| 7 | Carignan et al. 2015. Estimated Exposure to Arsenic in Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants in a United States Cohort, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 123, No. 5, pp. 500-506 | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | iAs and tAs exposure estimated by urinary biomarker and dietary intake in breastfed versus formula-fed US infants (Dartmouth New Hampshire Birth Cohort); formula-fed infants had higher urinary arsenic biomarkers than breastfed infants, establishing the US cohort evidence base for formula-associated infant As exposure |
| 8 | Jackson et al. 2012. Arsenic concentration and speciation in infant formulas and first foods, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 215-223 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | tAs and iAs with full speciation (arsenite, arsenate, MMA, DMA) in US infant formulas and first foods by HPLC-ICP-MS; rice-component formulas carry substantially higher iAs than non-rice formulas; primary US speciation dataset for infant formula iAs assessment |