Rice finding 1121
Source evidence and comparison details for the Rice profile.
Paddy and polished rice (pooled) · Cadmium (Cd) · Sample count unreported.
Selected finding and reference
Sample count unreported. Basis: unspecified.
no non-detects reported for this cell; source does not describe non-detect handling
HMI baseline position
High · HMI uncooked-grain Cd reference · 13 sampling families. Mean as reported: 110 µg/kg. HMI median 22–28.5 (bounded); Q1 12; Q3 73 µg/kg. 13 families. Not a safety grade.
Low is below Q1; Moderate includes Q1 through Q3; High is above Q3. Reporting bounds must give the same category throughout.
This is an external comparison; the finding does not set the reference.
Sensitivity to weighting
Equal subgroup weight within each family: High. The position is unchanged under this alternative. This check does not address all sampling, rounding or analytical uncertainty.
Sensitivity to source selection
- Without Alrashdi et al. (2024): High.
- Without WHO GEMS/Food: High.
- Without Mari et al. 2016: High.
- Without Authors 2016: High.
- Without Bazie et al. 2022: High.
- Without Cantoral et al. 2024: High.
- Without Ibrahim et al. 2024: High.
- Without Li et al. 2024: High.
- Without Limmer et al. 2026: High.
- Without Liu et al. 2022: High.
- Without Lockwood et al. 2023: High.
- Without Qin et al. 2026: High.
- Without Yan et al. (2025): High.
These checks show dependence on each sampling family; they are not confidence intervals.
Collection period
2019
No year-by-year sample register is reconstructed from this summary.
Geographic scope
Rice
All samples in the study.
Sampling, analysis and reporting limits
Grinding to flour, microwave-assisted HNO3 digestion (CEM MARS6), HR-ICP-MS (Thermo ELEMENT2) for Cd114, Sn118, Pb208 (medium resolution) and As75 (high resolution, total As); total Hg by CVAAS (EPA SW 846 7471B).
no non-detects reported for this cell; source does not describe non-detect handling
Source inconsistency noted (does not affect this value): 0.11 exceeds the 0.1 mg/kg CAC value the paper cites (footnote b flags it) but the text says 'within the allowed range'. Coefficient of variation stated as 0.55.
Shared samples and study overlap
Subgroup rows, statistics of the same subgroup and the study total share samples; they are not independent results.
Each table row describes a food/analyte result. Repeated rows do not add independent samples or datasets. No cross-study trend is calculated in this comparison mode.
Reported values, conversion and source locator
| Source statistic | Original result | Displayed unit conversion |
|---|---|---|
| mean | 0.11b | SD 0.06 | mg/kg x 1000 |
Original SD: 0.06 mg kg-1.
Table 1 row 'RICEa' (footnote a: Paddy and polished rice), p.5.
No moisture, cooking-yield or species conversion is applied to the original finding above. Any basis conversion used for its HMI comparison is stated separately with the numerical target.
Open the primary publication · HMI source record
Reference and scope
HMI uncooked-grain Cd reference · 13 sampling families. Uncooked grain as analysed (native or unstated moisture), µg/kg. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 12 | 22–28.5 (bounded) | 73 |
| Alternative weighting | 12 | 22–28.5 (bounded) | 73 |
129 reference units; 13 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Alrashdi et al. (2024) | 6 | 8% |
| WHO GEMS/Food | 42 | 8% |
| Mari et al. 2016 | 3 | 8% |
| Authors 2016 | 3 | 8% |
| Bazie et al. 2022 | 5 | 8% |
| Cantoral et al. 2024 | 1 | 8% |
| Ibrahim et al. 2024 | 1 | 8% |
| Li et al. 2024 | 3 | 8% |
| Limmer et al. 2026 | 1 | 8% |
| Liu et al. 2022 | 2 | 8% |
| Lockwood et al. 2023 | 11 | 8% |
| Qin et al. 2026 | 44 | 8% |
| Yan et al. (2025) | 7 | 8% |
Methods
HMI calculates a pooled distribution of subgroup medians across the admitted sampling families. HMI pools subgroup medians from every compatible rice sampling family in the evidence ledger for this analyte, material and basis: published subgroup medians, medians HMI calculates from printed per-sample values and WHO GEMS/Food region-by-year medians (random sampling only). Each family has equal total weight; subgroups have equal weight within a family. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Dry-weight, native-moisture and cooked results are kept in separate references; no moisture conversion is assumed.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1–Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
An evidence-library reference, not a probability sample of the world rice market. Sampling families differ in frame (retail, farm, contaminated sites, monitoring) and period; GEMS/Food regions are reporting regions, not growing origins. Many submissions are non-detects with differing limits, which widens the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
- Alrashdi et al. (2024)
- WHO GEMS/Food
- Mari et al. 2016
- Authors 2016
- Bazie et al. 2022
- Cantoral et al. 2024
- Ibrahim et al. 2024
- Li et al. 2024
- Limmer et al. 2026
- Liu et al. 2022
- Lockwood et al. 2023
- Qin et al. 2026
- Yan et al. (2025)
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:rice-native-Cd:284df7d0ac5f
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.