{ "schema_version": "1.1.0", "dataset": "hmi-occurrence", "title": "Heavy Metal Index — food & ingredient occurrence data", "description": "Measured heavy-metal occurrence distributions per ingredient and analyte (typical range, 95th percentile, study count, confidence, contributing sources), compiled from the peer-reviewed and regulatory literature. Values are in ppb (µg/kg) on the basis each source reported.", "unit": "ppb (µg/kg)", "analyte_panel": [ "Pb", "Cd", "iAs", "tAs", "tHg", "Ni", "Al", "Cr", "Sn", "U" ], "generated_at": "2026-09-14T11:17:37.985Z", "generated_commit": null, "source_dataset_generated_at": "2026-09-14T11:17:24.331Z", "license": { "prose": "CC BY 4.0", "structured_data": "EU sui generis database rights reserved (Directive 96/9/EC). Free to read and cite single records; systematic/bulk extraction or commercial re-utilisation requires a licence — see https://heavymetalindex.com/licensing", "contact": "karen@paleofoundation.com" }, "attribution": "Heavy Metal Index (heavymetalindex.com), operated by the Institute of Contaminant Standards. Cite the page_url or wiki_doi carrying each value.", "record_count": 230, "records": [ { "ingredient": "almond", "title": "Almond", "commodity": "almond", "category": "tree-nut", "aliases": [ "almond milk", "almond base" ], "wiki_doi": null, "page_url": "https://heavymetalindex.com/ingredients/almond", "sources_count": 12, "last_updated": "2026-05-16", "analytes": { "Pb": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 10, 220 ], "p95_ppb": 400, "confidence": "low", "n_studies": 3, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/cwielag-drabek2025-nuts-cd-pb-cr-ni-poland", "sources/marques2021-trace-elements-milks-plant-based-drinks", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "Cd": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 10, 30 ], "p95_ppb": 60, "confidence": "low", "n_studies": 2, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/cwielag-drabek2025-nuts-cd-pb-cr-ni-poland", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "iAs": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ null, null ], "p95_ppb": null, "confidence": null, "n_studies": 0, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [] }, "tHg": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 1, 10 ], "p95_ppb": 20, "confidence": "low", "n_studies": 2, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/marques2021-trace-elements-milks-plant-based-drinks", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "Ni": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 1000, 1500 ], "p95_ppb": null, "confidence": "medium", "n_studies": 4, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/cwielag-drabek2025-nuts-cd-pb-cr-ni-poland", "sources/marques2021-trace-elements-milks-plant-based-drinks", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "Al": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ null, null ], "p95_ppb": null, "confidence": null, "n_studies": 0, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [] }, "Cr": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 100, 253 ], "p95_ppb": 500, "confidence": "low", "n_studies": 3, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/cwielag-drabek2025-nuts-cd-pb-cr-ni-poland", "sources/henriksen2023-chromium-nordic-nnr", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "Sn": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ null, null ], "p95_ppb": null, "confidence": null, "n_studies": 0, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [] }, "tAs": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 1, 10 ], "p95_ppb": 30, "confidence": "low", "n_studies": 2, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [ "sources/dai2024-chongqing-dietary-arsenic-exposure", "sources/fera2015-uk-tds-metals" ] }, "U": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ null, null ], "p95_ppb": null, "confidence": null, "n_studies": 0, "last_reviewed": "2026-05-16", "sources": [] } } }, { "ingredient": "apple", "title": "Apple", "commodity": "apple", "category": "fruit", "aliases": [ "apples", "apple-pomace" ], "wiki_doi": null, "page_url": "https://heavymetalindex.com/ingredients/apple", "sources_count": 24, "last_updated": "2026-05-13", "analytes": { "Pb": { "value_kind": null, "evidence": [], "evidence_note": null, "basis_conversion": null, "status": "populated", "typical_ppb": [ 1, 50 ], "p95_ppb": 150, 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