{
  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
  "manifest_kind": "heavy_metal_index_evidence_packet",
  "retrieval_timestamp": "2026-06-27T19:21:30.650Z",
  "page": {
    "slug": "ingredients/seafood",
    "title": "Seafood",
    "description": null,
    "page_type": "ingredient",
    "audience": [
      "regulator",
      "educator",
      "consumer",
      "app"
    ],
    "canonical_url": "https://heavymetalindex.com/ingredients/seafood",
    "wiki_doi": null
  },
  "content_pin": {
    "content_sha256": "04bd3a00db1a23aa2515d0046b2c73dcc1c7574d70dc057b32187c66379e5e5a",
    "content_bytes": 93000,
    "last_commit_sha": "b0f3d38",
    "last_commit_date": "2026-06-12",
    "git_remote": "https://github.com/paleofoundation/heavymetalindex",
    "verify_command": "git show b0f3d38:wiki/ingredients/seafood.md | sha256sum"
  },
  "contributing_sources": [
    "sources/abbas2023-sparus-aurata-egypt-metals",
    "sources/abdel-tawwab2023-cadmium-seabream-yeast",
    "sources/abdullah2009-fish-sauce-malaysia-heavy-metals",
    "sources/aguilar-miranda2024-thg-canned-tuna-ecuador",
    "sources/akkaya2025-marmara-fishery-products-metals",
    "sources/alsulaiti2023-qatar-fish-mehg",
    "sources/amodio-cocchieri2000-farmed-fish-shellfish-alkyltins",
    "sources/anses2026-tds3-metals-france",
    "sources/ashley-martin2022-ias-biomonitoring-pregnancy",
    "sources/atsdr-arsenic-toxprofile-2007",
    "sources/atsdr-mercury-toxprofile-2024",
    "sources/atsdr2005-tin-toxicological-profile",
    "sources/bakhshalizadeh2023-mullet-ree-trace-caspian",
    "sources/bakhshalizadeh2024-caspian-sturgeon-metals",
    "sources/baki2018-st-martin-seafood-metals",
    "sources/balzani2026-fish-metals-dalyan-lake",
    "sources/barchiesi2020-shellfish-metals-central-italy",
    "sources/bauer2023-brazilian-sardine-metal-risk",
    "sources/benjamin2023-canned-fish-ghana",
    "sources/berber2024-crayfish-metal-content-turkey",
    "sources/bfr2024-methylmercury-fish-seafood-germany",
    "sources/bhoyroo2015-scombrids-heavy-metals-mauritius",
    "sources/blanco2023-mercury-fish-valencia",
    "sources/brodziak-dopierala2023-mercury-fish-poland",
    "sources/brooke1981-fish-shellfish-inorganic-arsenic",
    "sources/cardoso2023-mercury-portuguese-coast-seafood",
    "sources/cegolon2022-hg-hair-trieste",
    "sources/cfs2012-hktds-inorganic-arsenic",
    "sources/cfs2013-hktds-metallic-contaminants",
    "sources/cfs2019-hk-metallic-contamination-guidelines",
    "sources/chamorro2024-bluefin-tuna-mercury-review",
    "sources/chavez-capilla2022-arsenolipids-seafood",
    "sources/chen2019-china-oyster-organotins",
    "sources/chou-uthe1993-cadmium-american-lobster-belledune",
    "sources/christian2024-caribbean-fish-mercury",
    "sources/chung2020-hong-kong-seafood-organotins",
    "sources/cirillo2010-campania-seafood-metals",
    "sources/codex-cccf17-2024",
    "sources/codex-cxs-193-1995",
    "sources/coe2023-gut-microbiome-methylmercury-demethylation",
    "sources/copat2013-mediterranean-fish-shellfish-metals",
    "sources/cot2003-arsenic-food-tds",
    "sources/cot2004-mercury-fish-shellfish",
    "sources/dabeka2003-canadian-total-diet-mercury",
    "sources/dai2024-chongqing-dietary-arsenic-exposure",
    "sources/davydiuk2023-arsenosugars-methylation",
    "sources/de-anda-montanez2023-baja-red-crab-elements",
    "sources/delima2021-metals-canned-tuna-sardines-brazil",
    "sources/depaiva2017-canned-tuna-metals-sao-paulo",
    "sources/dibella2020-augusta-meat-milk-seafood-metals",
    "sources/dietz2025-arctic-mercury-isotopes-greenland",
    "sources/dineshkumar2025-fish-heavy-metals",
    "sources/diogene2023-rascs-contaminants-seafood",
    "sources/djedjibegovic2020-bih-commercial-seafood-metals",
    "sources/ec-reg-2022-617-mercury-fishery",
    "sources/ec2004-scoop-heavy-metals-dietary-exposure",
    "sources/efsa-arsenic-contam-2009",
    "sources/efsa-cadmium-contam-2009",
    "sources/efsa-mercury-methylmercury-2012",
    "sources/efsa-sc2015-fish-seafood-mehg-risk-benefit",
    "sources/efsa2004-organotins-foodstuffs",
    "sources/efsa2012-cadmium-dietary-exposure-europe",
    "sources/efsa2014-dietary-exposure-iAs",
    "sources/efsa2022-lemna-novel-food",
    "sources/egbe2023-heavy-metals-tilapia-cameroon",
    "sources/epa-iris-methylmercury",
    "sources/epa1997-arsenic-fish-shellfish",
    "sources/epa1999-mercury-update-fish-advisories",
    "sources/falconer1983-north-sea-seafood-arsenic",
    "sources/farina-rocha-aschner-2011-mehg-mechanism",
    "sources/farzan2021-hispanic-urinary-arsenic",
    "sources/fattorini2004-cienfuegos-seafood-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/fattorini2006-marine-organisms-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/fda-epa-fish-consumption-advice",
    "sources/fechner2022-bfr-meal-hg-cd-pb-ni-germany",
    "sources/fsanz2011-23rd-australian-total-diet-study",
    "sources/fsanz2019-25th-australian-total-diet-study",
    "sources/garofalo2025-seafood-cd-pb-hg-italy-10yr",
    "sources/gongora-gomez2017-oysters-gulf-california-metals",
    "sources/gongora-gomez2018-pen-shell-seasonal-metals",
    "sources/grandjean2010-methylmercury-health-research",
    "sources/gutierrez-ravelo2020-sarpa-salpa-metals-canary",
    "sources/han2024-nickel-zhejiang-china",
    "sources/harada1995-minamata-methylmercury-poisoning",
    "sources/harding2018-bay-fundy-methylmercury",
    "sources/hardisson2017-aluminium-dietary-exposure-review",
    "sources/haseeb-ur-rehman2023-pakistan-seafood-metals",
    "sources/he2013-shanghai-cadmium",
    "sources/helcom2017-core-indicator-metals-baltic",
    "sources/hernandez-montoya2026-heavy-metals-foods-review",
    "sources/ho2014-hong-kong-seafood-organotins",
    "sources/ho2016-hong-kong-rock-shell-organotins",
    "sources/hoy2023-arsenic-speciation-freshwater-fish",
    "sources/hu2006-tpt-tbt-trophic-bohai-bay",
    "sources/hussein2023-freshwater-marine-fish-egypt",
    "sources/hussein2024-toxic-metals-canned-fish-egypt",
    "sources/iarc1990-chromium-nickel-welding",
    "sources/jecfa-61st-methylmercury",
    "sources/jecfa-82nd-arsenic",
    "sources/jecfa-91st-cadmium-2022",
    "sources/jiang2026-organotin-seafood-hong-kong",
    "sources/job2023-thondi-fish-metal-bioaccumulation",
    "sources/kaise1988-marine-organisms-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/kim2023-korea-fishery-products-metals",
    "sources/kosker2023-canned-fish-turkey",
    "sources/lee2016-taiwan-seafood-organotins",
    "sources/lehel2018-hungary-seafood-metals",
    "sources/lehel2023-yellowfin-tuna-indian-ocean",
    "sources/li2022-mercury-isotope-biota-review",
    "sources/li2024-global-fisheries-mehg",
    "sources/lim2015-korea-kriefs-dietary-exposure-pb-cd-hg",
    "sources/lin2021-taiwan-seafood-mercury-tds",
    "sources/liu2021-arsenolipids-seafood",
    "sources/liu2023-arsenic-seafood-digestion",
    "sources/lordan2022-brown-crab-cadmium-review",
    "sources/lorenzana2009-seafood-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/lozano-bilbao2023-canary-tuna-metals",
    "sources/luvonga2021-seafood-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/macdonald2025-fss-uk-fishery-contaminants-review",
    "sources/maikanov2020-fish-products-shuchinsk-burabay-metals",
    "sources/mancuso2024-food-contamination-cvd",
    "sources/masri2025-toxicant-foods-california",
    "sources/matsumoto-tanibuchi2019-seaweed-seafood-ias",
    "sources/mehouel2021-algeria-seafood-metals-review",
    "sources/melnyk2021-mercury-anadromous-fish-penobscot",
    "sources/minamata-convention-2013",
    "sources/mititelu2025-heavy-metal-food-contamination-review",
    "sources/molina2023-mercury-buenaventura-bay",
    "sources/morshdy2023-heavy-metals-salted-fish-egypt",
    "sources/motta2022-marine-hg-isotopes",
    "sources/munoz1999-seafood-inorganic-arsenic",
    "sources/naess2020-norwegian-seafood-metals",
    "sources/nepper-davidsen2023-kelp-biomass-composition-nz",
    "sources/nielsen1975-nz-molluscs-heavy-metals",
    "sources/norin1985-swedish-fish-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/nour2025-djiboutian-seaweeds-metals",
    "sources/novakov2021-serbia-mussels-metals-pahs",
    "sources/olgunoglu2025-scorpionfish-izmir-metals",
    "sources/olmedo2013-andalusia-fish-shellfish-metals",
    "sources/ormaza-gonzalez2020-tuna-canned-eastern-pacific",
    "sources/ospar2022-metals-fish-shellfish-sediment",
    "sources/park2005-korean-seafood-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/pawlaczyk2020-mercury-canned-fish-poland",
    "sources/pazi2017-aegean-fish-metal-risk",
    "sources/pereira2008-ria-aveiro-mercury-review",
    "sources/raab2024-arsenolipids-chlamydomonas.md",
    "sources/raju2021-bivalves-cagayan-philippines",
    "sources/ralston2014-selenium-hbv-methylmercury-seafood",
    "sources/reinke1975-fish-shellfish-inorganic-arsenic",
    "sources/rodriguez-mendivil2019-heavy-metals-canned-tuna-tijuana",
    "sources/rodriguez2009-fish-sauce-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/rohonczy2024-arctic-foodweb-cd-hg",
    "sources/romero-estevez2020-bivalves-santa-rosa-ecuador",
    "sources/rustemli2026-canned-tuna-mineral-heavy-metal-turkey",
    "sources/sadee2024-arsenic-speciation-marine-organisms-review",
    "sources/sadighara2021-food-organotin-review",
    "sources/schoof2007-seafood-arsenic-speciation",
    "sources/scovronick2025-glynn-county-exposure",
    "sources/sepulveda2020-callista-clam-metals",
    "sources/shim2004-mercury-fatty-acids-canned-tuna-salmon-mackerel",
    "sources/shu2023-china-port-seafood-organotins",
    "sources/sim2024-inorganic-arsenic-seaweed-hplc",
    "sources/simionov2023-danube-fish-seafood-pte-microplastics",
    "sources/singhato2025-thailand-seafood-heavy-metals",
    "sources/smolikova2016-heavy-metals-fish-czech",
    "sources/song2017-china-dietary-cadmium-exposure",
    "sources/sonke2023-mercury-global-change",
    "sources/stahl2017-aluminum-food-contact-part1",
    "sources/suzuki2022-nano-mercury-seafood-exposure",
    "sources/tamele2020-african-seafood-metals-review",
    "sources/tolkou2023-fish-heavy-metals-review",
    "sources/torabi2024-persian-gulf-marine-fish-metals",
    "sources/uc-peraza2022-yucatan-seafood-organotins",
    "sources/ufelle2021-metals-chapter",
    "sources/ulusoy2023-canned-tuna-toxic-metals",
    "sources/uneyama2007-arsenic-foods-cumulative-data",
    "sources/usda-fas2023-china-gb-2762-2022-translation",
    "sources/vainio2022-baltic-mercury-food-web",
    "sources/valencia2021-canacao-bay-oyster-pb-cd",
    "sources/ventura2025-portuguese-total-diet-study-trace-elements",
    "sources/voegborlo1999-libya-canned-tuna-metals",
    "sources/wang2019-dietary-lead-guangzhou",
    "sources/wang2020-jilin-total-diet-metals",
    "sources/wang2023-climate-marine-mercury",
    "sources/wu2025-climate-meghan-freshwater-fish-china",
    "sources/yamashita2024-laep-oes-hg-tuna-japan",
    "sources/yap-almutairi2022-nickel-seafood-malaysia",
    "sources/zanon2008-venice-lagoon-organotins",
    "sources/zhao2016-xiamen-seafood-metals",
    "sources/zhao2022-china-tds6-lead-cadmium-exposure",
    "sources/zhao2024-toxic-metals-metalloids-food-review",
    "sources/zhuzhassarova2024-fish-seafood-central-asia-review"
  ],
  "license": {
    "prose": "CC BY 4.0",
    "structured_data": "EU database rights reserved — see https://heavymetalindex.com/licensing",
    "attribution": "Heavy Metal Index (heavymetalindex.com), Paleo Foundation. Cite page_url or wiki_doi.",
    "contact": "karen@paleofoundation.com"
  },
  "attestation": {
    "for_use": "Litigation exhibit, regulatory submission, peer-review supplementary record.",
    "verifiable_by": "Any party can clone https://github.com/paleofoundation/heavymetalindex at the named commit, hash the body of the named wiki page, and confirm the content_sha256 above matches.",
    "not_a_certification": "This manifest pins the Heavy Metal Index's published text at a specific git commit. It does not endorse or warrant the cited claim beyond the editorial methodology at /methodology and the correction process at /errata.",
    "license_terms": "https://heavymetalindex.com/licensing"
  },
  "generated_at": "2026-06-14T14:22:36.996Z"
}